lab 8 & 9 & 10 Flashcards by Unknown Unknown

In which direction does lymph & appearance

One-way direction towards the heart
Clear, yellowish fluid

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primary lymphatic organs?

lymohocytes are made here:
Thymus and red bone marrow

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secondary lymphatic organs?

Lymph nodes, spleen, lymphoid nodules (MALT (Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue) , bronchial nodules, tonsils, etc.)

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Where is MALT found?

Throat, lungs, intestines, mouth, nose, and any region in contact with the outside environment

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What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?

Protect the body from infections and cancer cells

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types of tonsils

Pharyngeal, palatine, and lingual tonsils

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structures of the upper respiratory tract

Nasal cavity, pharynx (nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx), and larynx

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What are the structures of the lower respiratory tract?

Trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs

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What is seromucous secretion?

A combination of mucus and serous fluid that helps trap and clear debris from the airways

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muscles are involved in breathing?

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles

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What is the hierarchy of bronchial branching in the respiratory system?

Trachea
Primary bronchi
Secondary (lobar) bronchi
Tertiary (segmental) bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles

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Secondary Lymphoid Organs function

Contain WBCs that are immune-competent (ready to fight infection).

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Lymph Flow Pathway

Lymph capillaries → Lymph vessels → Lymph nodes → Lymph ducts → Subclavian veins.
Thoracic duct drains most of the body.
Cisterna chyli collects lymph before entering the thoracic duct.

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Lymph Node Flow (inside a single lymph node )

Afferent vessels (lymph enters).
Subcapsular space → Trabeculae → Medulla.
Efferent vessels (lymph exits).

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Spleen Microscopic view:

White pulp = WBCs (stains purple).
Red pulp = RBCs (stains light).

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Inflammatory Response

-Damaged cells release chemicals into interstitial fluid.
-Macrophages phagocytize debris.
-Mast cells release histamine.
-Histamine causes vasodilation (widening blood vessels).
-WBCs + antibodies fight infection.
-Signs of inflammation (tisssue damage produces… Redness, swelling, heat, pain

tophat: Capillaries dilate to allow fluid into the tissues
Tissue damage produces pain
Phagocytes engulf pathogens

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Respiratory 2 zones

🔹Conducting Zone → Moves air but no gas exchange (nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi)
🔹 Respiratory Zone → Gas exchange with blood (bronchioles, alveoli)

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Upper vs. Lower Respiratory Tract

🔹 Upper Respiratory Tract → Nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, larynx
🔹 Lower Respiratory Tract → Trachea, bronchi, lungs (Right: 3 lobes, Left: 2 lobes)

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Nasal Cavity & Sinuses

🔹 Lined with PCCE (pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium) & mucus (keeps it moist)
🔹 Sinuses → Produce mucus + act as echo chambers for voice

Pharynx & Larynx

🔹 Pharynx (throat) → Mucus membrane traps particles
🔹 Larynx (voice box) → Made of hyaline cartilage (3 paired, 3 unpaired)
🔹 Epiglottis → Elastic cartilage that prevents food from entering the airway

Trachea & Bronchi

🔹 Trachea (windpipe) → Lined with PCCE & goblet cells (mucus production)
🔹 Primary Bronchus → Right is shorter, wider, more vertical than the left

Functions of Upper Respiratory Tract

🔹 Filters air → Cilia (hair-like structures) sweep particles out
🔹 Warms & humidifies air
🔹 Affects sound quality (paranasal sinuses)

Respiratory Diseases

🔹 Chronic Bronchitis
🔹 Emphysema
🔹 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

thymus glad located in the

thymus gland

malt is found in

digestive, repiratory, digestive NOT spinal

Which of the following is not one of the tonsils? a) maxillary tonsils b) lingual tonsils c) palatine tonsils d) pharyngeal tonsils

There are no "maxillary tonsils." The tonsils are the lingual tonsils (at the back of the tongue), palatine tonsils (on the sides of the throat), and pharyngeal tonsils (also known as adenoids, located in the upper part of the throat).

lymphatic vessels smallest to largest

capillaries, vessels, trunks, ducts.

Which group of lymph nodes purifies lymph from the head?

cervical lymph nodes

Which of the following structures is NOT associated with lymph nodes? a) afferent lymphatic vessels b) hilus c) medullary sinus d) Hassall’s corpuscles

d) Hassall’s corpuscles are found in the thymus, not in lymph nodes.

where do b cell mature

bone marrow

where does t cell mature

thymus

Which of the following statements regarding the spleen is NOT true? a) It is located in the abdomfinal cavity. b) A central artery goes through the white pulp. c) The red pulp is also called splenic nodules. d) It serves as a reservoir of red blood cells.

c) The red pulp is not called splenic nodules. The red pulp is involved in filtering blood and storing red blood cells, while the white pulp is associated with immune function and contains lymphatic tissue.

gas exchange occurs in

alveoli

The portion of the pharynx that receives air from the internal nares is the

nasopharynx.

The anterior wall of the larynx consists primarily of the: a) epiglottis b) cricoid cartilage c) cuneiform cartilage d) thyroid cartilage

Thyroid cartilage

The C-shaped rings of tissue that keep the trachea open are composed of: a) hyaline cartilage b) fibrocartilage c) bone d) smooth muscle

Hyaline cartilage

secondary bronchi are also called

lobar

From the terminal bronchioles, inhaled air enters the: a) alveoli b) tertiary bronchioles c) alveolar ducts d) respiratory bronchioles

Respiratory bronchioles.

lumen of trachea lined with

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

lobe of the left lungs are divided by

oblique

Which of the following choices is NOT part of the respiratory membrane? a) a single layer of alveolar cells b) a thin basement membrane c) a thin layer of ciliated epithelial cells d) the capillary endothelium

A thin layer of ciliated epithelial cells.

Which of the following statements regarding ventilation is NOT true? a) It is the process of moving air in and out of the lungs. b) Breathing in is called inhalation. c) It delivers carbon dioxide to the cells. d) Oxygen moves into the bloodstream from the alveoli.

It delivers carbon dioxide to the cells.

internal intercostal muscles and external are muscles of inhalation t/f

f, internal intecoastal muscles are not a muscle of inhalation

When the diaphragm contracts, thoracic cavity volume decreases t/f

f/ it increase thoractic cavity (a hollow space in the chest that houses and protects vital organs) bc increase in volume causes the lungs to expand,

what can be measured w spirometer (measure amount of air breath in and out)

vital capacity (max amount of air person can exhale after taking the deepest breath)

hyperventilation increases/decrease blood levels of co2

decreases (bc u exhale more co2) excersizeing increases

fev 1 (forced expiratpry volume in 1 second) was measured in lab using

spirometer