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A&P lab > 7&8 > Flashcards

7&8 Flashcards

1
Q

AV valves close (heart sound)

A

tricuspid & mitral (bi) valve
“lub”

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2
Q

semilunar valves

A

“dub”
pulmonary and aortic alves

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3
Q

Ausculation

A

listening to heart valve sounds using stethoscope

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4
Q

heart sound n where to listen (look @ bookmark)

A

pulmonary: towards trunk
aortic: towards atrium
mitral (bi): towards apex
tricuspid: downward

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5
Q

pulse deficit

A

difference of heart rate and pulse rate

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6
Q

temporal artery

A

tempal

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7
Q

facial artery

A

jaw area

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8
Q

common carotid artery

A

neck

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9
Q

branchial artery

A

inner arm

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10
Q

radial artery

A

wrist

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11
Q

femoral artery

A

next to private area

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12
Q

popliteal artery

A

inner knee

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13
Q

posterior tibal artery

A

ankle

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14
Q

dorsalis pedis artery

A

top of foot

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15
Q

Recorded the ECG using

A

ECG=records heart rate, pulse
Atlas Monitor (ecg,bp, oxygen), Mindray monitor (ecg,bp, breathing, oxy)

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16
Q

sequence of conduction system (look @ diagram)

A
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17
Q

heart is…

A

involuntary

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18
Q

sa node

A

-pacemaker
-near superiod vena cava
-contractile cells making stimulus that makes heart contractions
-stimulates internodal pathway

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19
Q

internodal pathway

A

-conductile cells (carry the signal)
-receives stim for sa node
-distrubutes stim throughout atria
-stim atrial contraction n av node

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20
Q

av node

A

-bw atria & ventricle
-gets stim from internodal pathway
-stim av bundle/bundle of his
contractile cells may initate stim if sa doesnt

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21
Q

AV bundle/ bundle of his

A

-in interventricular septum
-receives stim from av node
-conductile cells cary stim to bundle branches

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22
Q

left/right bundle branches

A

conductile cells that carry stim to apex of left/right ventricle
stim purkinje fibers

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23
Q

purkinje fibers

A

-cause ventricles to contract
-form a network in each ventricular wall
-conductile cells that carry the stimulus to the ventricular cardiac muscle cells (myocardium)

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24
Q

ECG wave

A

p-QRS-T complex (look @ diagram)

P wave: Atrial depolarization (electical activity causing atria to tcontract)
QRS complex: Ventricular depolarization (ventricles contract).
T wave: Ventricular repolarization (ventricles relax & reset ).

Atrial repolarization: Occurs during the QRS complex, but no separate wave.

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25
time for one complete cardiac cycle
.8 seconds
26
y & x on ECG wave
y axis: millivolts x axis: milliseconds
27
what is says on ecg graph
p wave: -small upward qrs small down,tall up, medium down -3 deflections represent ventricular deporlarization -atraol repolar occurs @ same time byt masked by complex t wave: medium up -ventricular repolarization (electrical recovery) -ventricular diastole follows (physical relaxtion n vent fills w blood
28
variation in ecg pattern (look @ diagrams n read textbook for htese cards )
29
Arrhythmia
irregular heartbeat
30
Tachycardia
fast hr over 100
31
Bradycardia
A slow heart rate under 60 beats per minute.
32
Ventricular Tachycardia
fast abnormal from ventricle (multiple qrs only)
33
Atrial Flutter
reapid regular beating of atria, quive rfast cs of stim (lots of small p) (zigzag)
34
Ventricular Fibrillation
cardiac arrest. quivers insted of pumping blood, no oganized wavr of stim (death cs blood not effectively ejected)
35
phase 1 of cardiac cycle
atrial systole 100 msec -active filling contraction forces small amount of blood into relaxed ventricles
36
phase 2 of cardiac cycle
atrial diastole, ventricular systole 375 msec
37
phase 3 of cardiac cycle
ventricular diastole 800 msec
38
Atrial systole ends, atral diastole begins
(2) - Ventricles filled with blood - End Diastolic Volume (EDV)
39
ISOVOLUMETRIC CONTRACTION- Early ventricular systole:
(2) Ventricular contraction pushes AV valves closed All valves closed, so no blood flow occurs
40
ISOVOLUMETRIC CONTRACTION- Late ventricular systole:
(2) As pressure in ventricles exceed that in the aorta and pulmonary trunk, semilunar valves open Blood flows out of ventricles EJECTION PHASE 
41
ISOVOLUMETRIC RELAXATION-Early ventricular diastole:
(3) - Blood remaining in ventricles from previous cycle - End Systolic Volume (ESV) All valves closed, so no blood flows into ventricles As ventricles relax, pressure in ventricles drops, blood flows back against cusps of semilunar" valves and forces them closed Blood flows into the relaxed atria
42
iSOVOLUMETRIC RELAXATION-Late ventricular diastole:
(3) Passive filling as A-V valves open All chambers are relaxed. Ventricles fill passively
43
human breathing (watch vid to better visualize)
Ventilation, Inhalation, Exhalation, Pleura & Pleural Cavity, External Intercostal Muscles, Diaphragm
44
Ventilation
The movement of air in and out of the lungs
45
Inhalation
Breathing in; the diaphragm contracts (moves down), and the external intercostal muscles lift the ribcage, increasing lung volume.
46
Exhalation
Breathing out; the diaphragm relaxes (moves up), and the external intercostal muscles lower the ribcage, decreasing lung volume.
47
Pleura & Pleural Cavity
The pleura is a double-layered membrane surrounding the lungs; the pleural cavity is the space between the layers, filled with fluid to reduce friction during breathing.
48
External Intercostal Muscles:
Located between ribs; contract to expand the chest during inhalation and relax during exhalation.
49
Diaphragm
A dome-shaped muscle at the bottom of the chest; contracts to pull air in and relaxes to push air out.
50
Tidal Volume
(VT) The amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs during normal, quiet breathing. Average value: 500 mL per breath.
51
rmb the math
52
Inspiratory reserve volume
(IRV) Maximum volume of air that can be inhaled above tidal volume Example: You take a regular breath (tidal volume = 500 mL), but if you take a deep breath in, you can inhale more air—this extra air is the IRV. Men can inhale up to 3,300 mL extra Women can inhale up to 1,900 mL extra
53
Expiratory Reserve Volume
(ERV): The extra air you can exhale after a normal breath. Male: 1,000 mL Female: 700 mL Example: After a normal exhale, if you forcefully breathe out more air, that extra air is the ERV.
54
Residual Volume
(RV): The air that stays in the lungs after a maximum exhalation (you can’t breathe it out). Male: 1,200 mL Female: 1,100 mL
55
Inspiratory capacity
the total volume of air a person can inhale after a normal exhalation. It is calculated as: IC = VT + IRV VT = Tidal Volume (the amount of air moved in or out of the lungs with each breath) IRV = Inspiratory Reserve Volume (the amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation)
56
Functional residual capacity (frc)
the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal exhalation. FRC = ERV + RV ERV = Expiratory Reserve Volume (the amount of air that can be exhaled after a normal exhalation) RV = Residual Volume (the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a maximum exhalation)
57
vital capacity (vc)
total volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation. It reflects the maximum amount of air that can be moved in and out of the lungs with effort. VC = IRV + VT + ERV IRV (Inspiratory Reserve Volume): the maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation. VT (Tidal Volume): the amount of air breathed in or out with each normal breath. ERV (Expiratory Reserve Volume): the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a normal exhalation.
58
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
the total volume of air the lungs can hold, and it includes all lung volumes. difference between VC and TLC is that VC only includes the air that can be moved in and out of the lungs with effort, while TLC includes the air that stays in the lungs (residual volume) after maximum exhalation. TLC = IRV + VT + ERV + RV
59
spirometer is used to measure
forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume (blow through mouthpiece) wet spirometer is used to measure various lung volumes (blow into water to measure airflow)
60
factors influencing respriatory rate
-respiratory centers in the PONS & MEDULLA oblogata -co2 levels most influence respiratory rate. activies to alter co2: (i) HYPERVENTILATION: breathing faster n deeping, increase amount of co2 expelled from body (ii) EXERCISE: increase rate of cellular respiration & amount of carbond dioxide (waste product) The changes in respiratory rate and breath-holding ability are recorded to observe the impact of each activity on respiratory function.
61
pneumonograph
-tied to chest or belly using velcro strap -records breathing patterns & creates a graph showing how air moves in and out of lungs -# of peaks over a given time used to calculate breathing rate (breath/min)
62
Co2 elimination
solution pink(alkaline) n breathing in makes it colorless (acidic) bc co2 combines w water making carbonic acid
63
Stroke volume
Blood that flows out of ventricles
64
!blood pressure measurement actvity (pg 74?)
65
reperatory and nasil cavity
66
DIAGRAMS!!

A&P lab (6 decks)

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