digestive system Flashcards
1
Q
mouth
A
or/o, stomat/o
2
Q
teeth
A
odont/i
3
Q
stomach
A
gastr/o
4
Q
small intestine
A
enter/o
5
Q
large intestine
A
col/o, colon/o
6
Q
rectum and anus
A
an/o, proct/o, rect/o
7
Q
liver
A
hepat/o
8
Q
gallbladder
A
cholecyst/o
9
Q
pancreas
A
pancreat/o
10
Q
chol/e
A
bile, gall
11
Q
-emesis
A
vomiting
12
Q
-lithiasis
A
presence of stones
13
Q
-pepsia
A
digest, digestion
14
Q
-phagia
A
eating, swallowing
15
Q
sigmoid/o
A
sigmoid colon
16
Q
consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and stomach
A
upper GI tract
17
Q
consists of small and large intestines plus the rectum and anus
A
lower GI tract (bowels)
18
Q
oral cavity (mouth)
A
lips, tongue, hard and soft palate, salivary glands, teeth, and peridontium
19
Q
labia
A
lips
20
Q
forms the roof of the mouth
A
palate
21
Q
anterior portion of the palate
A
hard palate
22
Q
flexible, posterior portion of the palate
A
soft palate
23
Q
small bumps on the tongue
A
papillae
24
Q
band of tissue that connects the tongue to the floor of the mouth
A
lingual frenum
25
structures that surround, support, and are attached to the teeth (bone, dental arches, and soft tissues)
periodontium
26
specialized mucous membranes that cover the bone of the dental arches and surround the teeth
gingiva (gums)
27
bony structures of the oral cavity
dental arches
28
formed at the back of the mouth where the maxillary and mandibular arches come together
temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
29
the natural teeth arranged in the upper and lower jaws
dentition
30
20 baby teeth
primary dentition
31
32 permanent teeth
permanent dentition
32
contact between the chewing surfaces of the upper and lower teeth
occlusion
33
portion of the tooth that is visible in the mouth
crown
34
hardest substance in the body
enamel
35
colorless liquid that maintains moisture in the mouth
saliva
36
secrete saliva that is carried by ducts into the mouth
salivary glands
37
salivary glands located on the face
parotid glands
38
salivary glands located on the floor of the mouth under the tongue
sublingual glands
39
salivary glands located on the floor of the mouth near the mandible
submandibular glands
40
common passageway for both respiration and digestion
pharynx
41
lid-like structure that closes off the entrance to the trachea to prevent food and liquids from moving from the pharynx during swallowing
epiglottis
42
muscular tubs through which ingested food passes from the pharynx to the stomach
esophagus
43
muscular ring between the esophagus and stomach
lower esophageal sphincter
44
flowing backward
regurgitating
45
folds in the mucous lining the stomach
rugae
46
made up of enzymes and hydrochloric acid to aid in the beginning of food digestion
gastric juices
47
ring-like muscle at the base of the stomach that controls the flow of partially digested food from the stomach to the small intestine
pyloric sphincter
48
narrow passage that connects the stomach with the small intestines
pylorus
49
extends from the pyloric sphincter to the first part of the large intestine; food is digested and the nutrients are absorbed into the blood stream
small intestine
50
first portion of the small intestine
duodenum
51
middle portion of the small intestine
jejunum
52
last portion of the small intestine
ileum
53
here the waste products of digestion are processed in preparation for excretion
large intestine
54
pouch that lies on the right side of the abdomen, goes from ileum to the beginning of the colon
cecum
55
ring-like muscle that controls the flow from the ileum of the small intestine to the cecum of the large intestine
ileocecal sphincter
56
hangs from the lower portion of the cecum
appendix
57
longest portion of the large intestine
colon
58
travels upward from the cecum to the undersurface of the liver
ascending colon
59
passes horizontally across the abdominal cavity from right to left toward the spleen
transverse colon
60
travels down the left side of the abdominal cavity to the sigmoid colon
descending colon
61
s-shaped structure that continues from the descending colon and joins the rectum
sigmoid colon
62
widest division of the large intestine
rectum
63
lower opening of the digestive tract
anus
64
accessory organs of the digestive process
liver, pancreas, gallbladder
65
removes excess glucose and stores it as glycogen
liver
66
form of glucose that is stored in the liver and muscles
glycogen
67
digestive juice secreted by the liver that aids in the digestion of fat
bile
68
pigment formed in the liver by the breakdown of hemoglobin and excreted in bile, giving it a yellow to green color
bilirubin
69
provides channels through which bile is transported from the liver to the small intestine
biliary tree
70
pear-shaped organ located under the liver that stores bile for a later use
gallbladder
71
gland that is located behind the stomach; secretes juices that aid in digestion and help neutralize the stomach
pancreas
72
all of the processes involved in the body's use of nutrients
metabolism
73
building up of body cells or substances from nutrients
anabolism
74
breaking down of body cells or substances, releasing energy and carbon dioxide
catabolism
75
chewing
mastication
76
mass of food that has been chewed and is ready to be swallowed
bolus
77
series of wave-like contractions of the smooth muscles in a single direction that moves food forward into the digestive system
peristalsis
78
semifluid mass of partly digested food that passes out of the stomach into the small intestine
chyme
79
solid body waste, stool
feces
80
bowel movement
defecation
81
rumbling noise caused by the movement of gas in the intestine
borborygmus
82
passage of gas
flatulence
83
branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and management of obesity and associated diseases
bariatrics
84
specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the teeth and tissues of the oral cavity
dentist
85
physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the stomach and intestines
gastroenterologist
86
specializes in surgery of the face and jaws to correct deformities, treat diseases, and repair injuries
oral or maxillofacial surgeon
87
specialist who prevents or prevents malocclusion of the teeth and related facial structures
orthodontist
88
dental specialist who prevents or treats disorders of the tissues surrounding the teeth
periodontist
89
physician who specializes in disorders of the colon, rectum, and anus
proctologist
90
specialist in food and nutrition who practices medical nutrition therapy and counsels people on their dietary intake
registered dietician
91
gray-white pits with a red border in the soft tissues lining the mouth
canker sores
92
open lesion of the skin or mucous membrane resulting in tissue loss around the tissue
ulcer
93
inflammation of the lips characterized by crack-like sores at the corners of the mouth
chelitis
94
blister-like sores in the lips and adjacent facial tissue that are caused by herpes
cold sores
95
abnormally white lesion that develops on the tongue or inside of the cheek
leukoplakia
96
inflammation of the mucosa of the mouth
somatitis
97
fungal infection in the mouth; creamy white lesions on the tongue or inner cheek
oral thrush
98
lockjaw
trismus
99
dry mouth
xerostomia
100
birth defect in which there is a deep groove of the lip running upward to the nose as a result of the failure of this portion of the lip to close during prenatal development
cleft lip
101
failure of the palate to close during early development
cleft palate
102
involuntary grinding of the teeth that usually occurs during sleep and is associated with tension or stress
bruxism
103
tooth decay, cavity
dental caries
104
soft deposits in sheltered areas near the gums and between the teeth
dental plaque
105
without teeth
edentulous
106
bad breath
halitosis
107
any deviation form the normal positioning of the upper teeth against the lower teeth
malocclusion
108
inflammation of the tissues that surround and support the teeth
periodontal disease
109
dental plaque that has calcified on the teeth
dental calculus
110
shrinking of gum tissue often associated with aging
gum recession
111
earliest stage of periodontal disease, and the inflammation only affects the gums
gingivitis
112
trench mouth; caused by the abnormal growth of bacteria in the mouth
acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
113
difficulty in swallowing
dysphagia
114
chronic immune system disease in which white blood cells build up in the esophagus, usually because of an allergy
eosinophilic esophagitis
115
upward flow of acid from the stomach into the esophagus
GERD (gastroesophageal reflux)
116
condition that occurs when the cells in the epithelial tissue of the esophagus are damaged by chronic acid exposure
Barrett's esophagus
117
abnormal narrowing of the esophagus resulting from scar tissue or other damage
stricture
118
heartburn
pyrosis
119
enlarged and swollen veins at the lower end of esophagus
esophageal varices
120
portion of the stomach protrudes upward into the chest, through an opening in the diaphragm
hiatal hernia
121
inflammation of the stomach lining
gastritis
122
inflammation of the mucous membrane lining in the stomach and intestines
gastroenteritis
123
gastric motility slows down, causing delayed gastric emptying
gastroparesis
124
sores that affect the mucous membranes of the digestive system
peptic ulcer disease
125
loss of appetite for food
anorexia
126
physical wasting away due to the loss of weight and muscle mass that occurs in patients with diseases
cachexia
127
fluid loss exceeds fluid intake
dehydration
128
infant or child does not grow as expected due to any number of reasons
failure to thrive
129
condition in which the small intestine cannot absorb nutrients from food that passes through it
malabsorption
130
lack of proper food or nutrients in the body due to shortage of food poor eating habits, or inability of the body to digest these nutrients
malnutrition
131
ratio of weight to height
BMI
132
condition of having body mass index greater than 40
severe obesity
133
excessive swallowing of air while eating or drinking
aerophagia
134
indigestion
dyspepsia
135
vomiting
emesis
136
act of belching or raising gas orally from the mouth
eructation
137
vomiting of coagulated blood
hematemesis
138
extreme, persistent vomiting that can cause dehydration
hyperemesis
139
urge to vomit
nausea
140
return of swallowed food into the mouth
regurgitation
141
autoimmune disorder characterized by a severe reaction to ingesting gluten
celiac disease
142
response to gluten involving digestive distress but not causing intestinal tissue damage
gluten intolerance
143
inability to digest dairy products due to the absence of the enzyme lactase
lactose intolerance
144
can cause gastrointestinal upset such as gas, bloating, diarrhea, constipation, and nausea
small intestinal bacterial growth
145
colon cancer
colorectal carcinoma
146
mushroom-like growth from the surface of a mucous membrane
polyp
147
chronic presence of an abnormal number of diverticula, or sacs, formed in weak spots of the colon wall
diverticulosis
148
small pouch, or sac, found in the lining or wall of a tubular organ
diverticulum
149
inflammation of the small intestine
enteritis
150
occurs when part of the large intestine is partially or completely deprived of blood
ischemic colitis
151
partial or complete blockage of the small or large intestine
ileus
152
condition with symptoms that can include cramping, abdominal pain, constipation, or diarrhea
irritable bowel syndrome
153
general name for the diseases that cause inflammation and swelling in the intestines
inflammatory bowel disease
154
chronic condition in which repeated episodes of inflammation in the rectum and large intestine cause ulcers and irritation
ulcerative colitis
155
chronic autoimmune disorder that can occur anywhere in the digestive tract; results in scarring and thickening of the walls of affected structures; blockage of intestines due to swelling and scarring
Crohn's disease
156
twisting of the intestine on itself
volvulus
157
the protrusion of a small loop of bowel through a weak place in the lower abdominal wall or groin
inguinal hernia
158
portion of the intestine is constricted inside the hernia, causing ischemia
strangulated hernia
159
common bacterial infection, typically following the use of antibiotics that wipe out competing bacteria; causes diarrhea and inflammation of the colon
C. diff
160
bacterial infection, occurs most frequently in tropical countries where it is spread through food or water contaminated by human feces
dysentery
161
transmitted through foods that have not been adequately cooked
E. coli
162
transmitted by feces, either through direct contact with animals, or by eating contaminated raw or undercooked meat, poultry, seafood, and eggs
salmonella
163
small crack-like sore in the skin of the anus that can cause severe pain during a bowel movement
anal fissure
164
inability to control the excretion of feces
fecal incontinence
165
having bowel movement fewer than three times a week
constipation
166
occur when a cluster of veins, muscles, and tissues slip through the anal opening
hemorrhoids
167
bulging of the front of the wall of the rectum into the wall of the vagina
rectocele
168
presence of bright red blood in the stool
hematochezia
169
passage of black, tarry, foul-smelling stools
melena
170
presence of excess fat in the stool
steatorrhea
171
abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity
ascites
172
abnormal enlargement of the liver
hepatomegaly
173
yellow discoloration of the skin
jaundice
174
inflammation of the liver
hepatitis
175
chronic degenerative disease of the liver characterized by scarring
cirrhosis
176
accumulation of fat in the liver and is not associated with alcohol consumption
nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
177
fatty accumulation plus liver-damaging inflammation
nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
178
acute inflammation of bile duct
cholangitis
179
inflammation of gallbladder
inflammation of gallbladder
180
hard deposit in gallbladder and bile ducts due to concretion of bile components
gallstone
181
presence of gallstones in gallbladder or bile ducts
cholelithiasis
182
radiographic procedure showing cross-section of tissue structure within abdomen
abdominal CT
183
noninvasive test using very high frequency sound waves to visualize internal organs
abdominal ultrasound
184
radiographic examination of bile ducts with the use of contrast medium
cholangiography
185
placement of solution into rectum/colon to empty the lower intestine
enema
186
allows direct visualization of upper GI tract
esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)
187
radiographic studies to examine digestive system
upper GI series and lower GI series
188
specimens of feces that are examined for content/characteristics
stool samples
189
anoscopy
visual examination of anal canal/lower rectum
190
use of tiny video camera that is swallowed by patient
capsule endoscopy
191
direct visual examination of inner surface of the entire colon from rectum to cecum
colonoscopy
192
endoscopic examination of the interior of the rectum, sigmoid colon, and possibly a portion of the descending colon
sigmoidoscopy
193
laboratory test for hidden blood in the stool
Hemoccult test
194
noninvasive stool test using DNA testing along with screening for hidden blood
Cologuard
195
professional cleaning of teeth
dental prophylaxis
196
crown, bridge, or denture that may or may not be anchored to the jaw
dental implant
197
removal of diseased or damaged pulp
root canal
198
surgical removal of the diseased gingival tissue
gingivectomy
199
neutralize acids in the stomach
antacids
200
decrease the amount of acid produced by the stomach
proton pump inhibitors
201
prevents or relieves nausea/vomiting
antiemetic
202
medications/foods that stimulate bowel movements
laxatives
203
administered to combat dehydration
IV fluids
204
liquid preparation of electrolytes administered to counteract dehydration, especially in young children
oral rehydration therapy
205
chemicals, such as vitamins, that may prevent or delay cell damage
antioxidants
206
living microorganisms that aid digesting and protection of body from harmful bacteria
probiotics
207
specialized IV solution administered to patients who cannot or should not get nutrition through eating
total parenteral nutrition
208
placement of feeding tube through nose into the stomach to provide nutrition
nasogastric intubation
209
surgically placed feeding tube from exterior of body directly into stomach to provide nutrition
gastrostomy tube
210
stapling of a section of stomach to make a small pouch, causing food to bypass first part of small intestine
gastric bypass surgery
211
places inflatable band around the exterior of the stomach restricting food intake
lap-band adjustable gastric banding
212
suturing of stomach to make it a small tube, reducing its capacity
endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty
213
transplant of healthy stool to restore gut bacteria
fecal microbiota transplantation
214
excretory opening between the ileum and the outside of the abdominal wall
ileostomy
215
excretory opening between the colon and the body surface
colostomy
216
removal of all or part of the colon
colectomy
217
connects two hollow structures
anastomosis
218
anastomosis between the upper portion of the stomach and the duodenum
gastroduodenostomy
219
surgical removal of hemorrhoids
hemorrhoidectomy
220
surgical fixation of prolapsed rectum to an adjacent tissue/organ
proctopexy
221
surgical removal of all or part of the liver
hepatectomy
222
incision into common bile duct for the removal of gallstones
choledocholithotomy
223
surgical removal of gallbladder
cholecystectomy
