digestive system

Question 1

mouth

Answer 1

or/o, stomat/o

Question 2

teeth

Answer 2

odont/i

Question 3

stomach

Answer 3

gastr/o

Question 4

small intestine

Answer 4

enter/o

Question 5

large intestine

Answer 5

col/o, colon/o

Question 6

rectum and anus

Answer 6

an/o, proct/o, rect/o

Question 7

liver

Answer 7

hepat/o

Question 8

gallbladder

Answer 8

cholecyst/o

Question 9

pancreas

Answer 9

pancreat/o

Question 10

chol/e

Answer 10

bile, gall

Question 11

-emesis

Answer 11

vomiting

Question 12

-lithiasis

Answer 12

presence of stones

Question 13

-pepsia

Answer 13

digest, digestion

Question 14

-phagia

Answer 14

eating, swallowing

Question 15

sigmoid/o

Answer 15

sigmoid colon

Question 16

consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and stomach

Answer 16

upper GI tract

Question 17

consists of small and large intestines plus the rectum and anus

Answer 17

lower GI tract (bowels)

Question 18

oral cavity (mouth)

Answer 18

lips, tongue, hard and soft palate, salivary glands, teeth, and peridontium

Question 19

labia

Answer 19

lips

Question 20

forms the roof of the mouth

Answer 20

palate

Question 21

anterior portion of the palate

Answer 21

hard palate

Question 22

flexible, posterior portion of the palate

Answer 22

soft palate

Question 23

small bumps on the tongue

Answer 23

papillae

Question 24

band of tissue that connects the tongue to the floor of the mouth

Answer 24

lingual frenum

Question 25

structures that surround, support, and are attached to the teeth (bone, dental arches, and soft tissues)

Answer 25

periodontium

Question 26

specialized mucous membranes that cover the bone of the dental arches and surround the teeth

Answer 26

gingiva (gums)

Question 27

bony structures of the oral cavity

Answer 27

dental arches

Question 28

formed at the back of the mouth where the maxillary and mandibular arches come together

Answer 28

temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

Question 29

the natural teeth arranged in the upper and lower jaws

Answer 29

dentition

Question 30

20 baby teeth

Answer 30

primary dentition

Question 31

32 permanent teeth

Answer 31

permanent dentition

Question 32

contact between the chewing surfaces of the upper and lower teeth

Answer 32

occlusion

Question 33

portion of the tooth that is visible in the mouth

Answer 33

crown

Question 34

hardest substance in the body

Answer 34

enamel

Question 35

colorless liquid that maintains moisture in the mouth

Answer 35

saliva

Question 36

secrete saliva that is carried by ducts into the mouth

Answer 36

salivary glands

Question 37

salivary glands located on the face

Answer 37

parotid glands

Question 38

salivary glands located on the floor of the mouth under the tongue

Answer 38

sublingual glands

Question 39

salivary glands located on the floor of the mouth near the mandible

Answer 39

submandibular glands

Question 40

common passageway for both respiration and digestion

Answer 40

pharynx

Question 41

lid-like structure that closes off the entrance to the trachea to prevent food and liquids from moving from the pharynx during swallowing

Answer 41

epiglottis

Question 42

muscular tubs through which ingested food passes from the pharynx to the stomach

Answer 42

esophagus

Question 43

muscular ring between the esophagus and stomach

Answer 43

lower esophageal sphincter

Question 44

flowing backward

Answer 44

regurgitating

Question 45

folds in the mucous lining the stomach

Answer 45

rugae

Question 46

made up of enzymes and hydrochloric acid to aid in the beginning of food digestion

Answer 46

gastric juices

Question 47

ring-like muscle at the base of the stomach that controls the flow of partially digested food from the stomach to the small intestine

Answer 47

pyloric sphincter

Question 48

narrow passage that connects the stomach with the small intestines

Answer 48

pylorus

Question 49

extends from the pyloric sphincter to the first part of the large intestine; food is digested and the nutrients are absorbed into the blood stream

Answer 49

small intestine

Question 50

first portion of the small intestine

Answer 50

duodenum

Question 51

middle portion of the small intestine

Answer 51

jejunum

Question 52

last portion of the small intestine

Answer 52

ileum

Question 53

here the waste products of digestion are processed in preparation for excretion

Answer 53

large intestine

Question 54

pouch that lies on the right side of the abdomen, goes from ileum to the beginning of the colon

Answer 54

cecum

Question 55

ring-like muscle that controls the flow from the ileum of the small intestine to the cecum of the large intestine

Answer 55

ileocecal sphincter

Question 56

hangs from the lower portion of the cecum

Answer 56

appendix

Question 57

longest portion of the large intestine

Answer 57

colon

Question 58

travels upward from the cecum to the undersurface of the liver

Answer 58

ascending colon

Question 59

passes horizontally across the abdominal cavity from right to left toward the spleen

Answer 59

transverse colon

Question 60

travels down the left side of the abdominal cavity to the sigmoid colon

Answer 60

descending colon

Question 61

s-shaped structure that continues from the descending colon and joins the rectum

Answer 61

sigmoid colon

Question 62

widest division of the large intestine

Answer 62

rectum

Question 63

lower opening of the digestive tract

Answer 63

anus

Question 64

accessory organs of the digestive process

Answer 64

liver, pancreas, gallbladder

Question 65

removes excess glucose and stores it as glycogen

Answer 65

liver

Question 66

form of glucose that is stored in the liver and muscles

Answer 66

glycogen

Question 67

digestive juice secreted by the liver that aids in the digestion of fat

Answer 67

bile

Question 68

pigment formed in the liver by the breakdown of hemoglobin and excreted in bile, giving it a yellow to green color

Answer 68

bilirubin

Question 69

provides channels through which bile is transported from the liver to the small intestine

Answer 69

biliary tree

Question 70

pear-shaped organ located under the liver that stores bile for a later use

Answer 70

gallbladder

Question 71

gland that is located behind the stomach; secretes juices that aid in digestion and help neutralize the stomach

Answer 71

pancreas

Question 72

all of the processes involved in the body’s use of nutrients

Answer 72

metabolism

Question 73

building up of body cells or substances from nutrients

Answer 73

anabolism

Question 74

breaking down of body cells or substances, releasing energy and carbon dioxide

Answer 74

catabolism

Question 75

chewing

Answer 75

mastication

Question 76

mass of food that has been chewed and is ready to be swallowed

Answer 76

bolus

Question 77

series of wave-like contractions of the smooth muscles in a single direction that moves food forward into the digestive system

Answer 77

peristalsis

Question 78

semifluid mass of partly digested food that passes out of the stomach into the small intestine

Answer 78

chyme

Question 79

solid body waste, stool

Answer 79

feces

Question 80

bowel movement

Answer 80

defecation

Question 81

rumbling noise caused by the movement of gas in the intestine

Answer 81

borborygmus

Question 82

passage of gas

Answer 82

flatulence

Question 83

branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and management of obesity and associated diseases

Answer 83

bariatrics

Question 84

specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the teeth and tissues of the oral cavity

Answer 84

dentist

Question 85

physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the stomach and intestines

Answer 85

gastroenterologist

Question 86

specializes in surgery of the face and jaws to correct deformities, treat diseases, and repair injuries

Answer 86

oral or maxillofacial surgeon

Question 87

specialist who prevents or prevents malocclusion of the teeth and related facial structures

Answer 87

orthodontist

Question 88

dental specialist who prevents or treats disorders of the tissues surrounding the teeth

Answer 88

periodontist

Question 89

physician who specializes in disorders of the colon, rectum, and anus

Answer 89

proctologist

Question 90

specialist in food and nutrition who practices medical nutrition therapy and counsels people on their dietary intake

Answer 90

registered dietician

Question 91

gray-white pits with a red border in the soft tissues lining the mouth

Answer 91

canker sores

Question 92

open lesion of the skin or mucous membrane resulting in tissue loss around the tissue

Answer 92

ulcer

Question 93

inflammation of the lips characterized by crack-like sores at the corners of the mouth

Answer 93

chelitis

Question 94

blister-like sores in the lips and adjacent facial tissue that are caused by herpes

Answer 94

cold sores

Question 95

abnormally white lesion that develops on the tongue or inside of the cheek

Answer 95

leukoplakia

Question 96

inflammation of the mucosa of the mouth

Answer 96

somatitis

Question 97

fungal infection in the mouth; creamy white lesions on the tongue or inner cheek

Answer 97

oral thrush

Question 98

lockjaw

Answer 98

trismus

Question 99

dry mouth

Answer 99

xerostomia

Question 100

birth defect in which there is a deep groove of the lip running upward to the nose as a result of the failure of this portion of the lip to close during prenatal development

Answer 100

cleft lip

Question 101

failure of the palate to close during early development

Answer 101

cleft palate

Question 102

involuntary grinding of the teeth that usually occurs during sleep and is associated with tension or stress

Answer 102

bruxism

Question 103

tooth decay, cavity

Answer 103

dental caries

Question 104

soft deposits in sheltered areas near the gums and between the teeth

Answer 104

dental plaque

Question 105

without teeth

Answer 105

edentulous

Question 106

bad breath

Answer 106

halitosis

Question 107

any deviation form the normal positioning of the upper teeth against the lower teeth

Answer 107

malocclusion

Question 108

inflammation of the tissues that surround and support the teeth

Answer 108

periodontal disease

Question 109

dental plaque that has calcified on the teeth

Answer 109

dental calculus

Question 110

shrinking of gum tissue often associated with aging

Answer 110

gum recession

Question 111

earliest stage of periodontal disease, and the inflammation only affects the gums

Answer 111

gingivitis

Question 112

trench mouth; caused by the abnormal growth of bacteria in the mouth

Answer 112

acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis

Question 113

difficulty in swallowing

Answer 113

dysphagia

Question 114

chronic immune system disease in which white blood cells build up in the esophagus, usually because of an allergy

Answer 114

eosinophilic esophagitis

Question 115

upward flow of acid from the stomach into the esophagus

Answer 115

GERD (gastroesophageal reflux)

Question 116

condition that occurs when the cells in the epithelial tissue of the esophagus are damaged by chronic acid exposure

Answer 116

Barrett’s esophagus

Question 117

abnormal narrowing of the esophagus resulting from scar tissue or other damage

Answer 117

stricture

Question 118

heartburn

Answer 118

pyrosis

Question 119

enlarged and swollen veins at the lower end of esophagus

Answer 119

esophageal varices

Question 120

portion of the stomach protrudes upward into the chest, through an opening in the diaphragm

Answer 120

hiatal hernia

Question 121

inflammation of the stomach lining

Answer 121

gastritis

Question 122

inflammation of the mucous membrane lining in the stomach and intestines

Answer 122

gastroenteritis

Question 123

gastric motility slows down, causing delayed gastric emptying

Answer 123

gastroparesis

Question 124

sores that affect the mucous membranes of the digestive system

Answer 124

peptic ulcer disease

Question 125

loss of appetite for food

Answer 125

anorexia

Question 126

physical wasting away due to the loss of weight and muscle mass that occurs in patients with diseases

Answer 126

cachexia

Question 127

fluid loss exceeds fluid intake

Answer 127

dehydration

Question 128

infant or child does not grow as expected due to any number of reasons

Answer 128

failure to thrive

Question 129

condition in which the small intestine cannot absorb nutrients from food that passes through it

Answer 129

malabsorption

Question 130

lack of proper food or nutrients in the body due to shortage of food poor eating habits, or inability of the body to digest these nutrients

Answer 130

malnutrition

Question 131

ratio of weight to height

Answer 131

BMI

Question 132

condition of having body mass index greater than 40

Answer 132

severe obesity

Question 133

excessive swallowing of air while eating or drinking

Answer 133

aerophagia

Question 134

indigestion

Answer 134

dyspepsia

Question 135

vomiting

Answer 135

emesis

Question 136

act of belching or raising gas orally from the mouth

Answer 136

eructation

Question 137

vomiting of coagulated blood

Answer 137

hematemesis

Question 138

extreme, persistent vomiting that can cause dehydration

Answer 138

hyperemesis

Question 139

urge to vomit

Answer 139

nausea

Question 140

return of swallowed food into the mouth

Answer 140

regurgitation

Question 141

autoimmune disorder characterized by a severe reaction to ingesting gluten

Answer 141

celiac disease

Question 142

response to gluten involving digestive distress but not causing intestinal tissue damage

Answer 142

gluten intolerance

Question 143

inability to digest dairy products due to the absence of the enzyme lactase

Answer 143

lactose intolerance

Question 144

can cause gastrointestinal upset such as gas, bloating, diarrhea, constipation, and nausea

Answer 144

small intestinal bacterial growth

Question 145

colon cancer

Answer 145

colorectal carcinoma

Question 146

mushroom-like growth from the surface of a mucous membrane

Answer 146

polyp

Question 147

chronic presence of an abnormal number of diverticula, or sacs, formed in weak spots of the colon wall

Answer 147

diverticulosis

Question 148

small pouch, or sac, found in the lining or wall of a tubular organ

Answer 148

diverticulum

Question 149

inflammation of the small intestine

Answer 149

enteritis

Question 150

occurs when part of the large intestine is partially or completely deprived of blood

Answer 150

ischemic colitis

Question 151

partial or complete blockage of the small or large intestine

Answer 151

ileus

Question 152

condition with symptoms that can include cramping, abdominal pain, constipation, or diarrhea

Answer 152

irritable bowel syndrome

Question 153

general name for the diseases that cause inflammation and swelling in the intestines

Answer 153

inflammatory bowel disease

Question 154

chronic condition in which repeated episodes of inflammation in the rectum and large intestine cause ulcers and irritation

Answer 154

ulcerative colitis

Question 155

chronic autoimmune disorder that can occur anywhere in the digestive tract; results in scarring and thickening of the walls of affected structures; blockage of intestines due to swelling and scarring

Answer 155

Crohn’s disease

Question 156

twisting of the intestine on itself

Answer 156

volvulus

Question 157

the protrusion of a small loop of bowel through a weak place in the lower abdominal wall or groin

Answer 157

inguinal hernia

Question 158

portion of the intestine is constricted inside the hernia, causing ischemia

Answer 158

strangulated hernia

Question 159

common bacterial infection, typically following the use of antibiotics that wipe out competing bacteria; causes diarrhea and inflammation of the colon

Answer 159

C. diff

Question 160

bacterial infection, occurs most frequently in tropical countries where it is spread through food or water contaminated by human feces

Answer 160

dysentery

Question 161

transmitted through foods that have not been adequately cooked

Answer 161

E. coli

Question 162

transmitted by feces, either through direct contact with animals, or by eating contaminated raw or undercooked meat, poultry, seafood, and eggs

Answer 162

salmonella

Question 163

small crack-like sore in the skin of the anus that can cause severe pain during a bowel movement

Answer 163

anal fissure

Question 164

inability to control the excretion of feces

Answer 164

fecal incontinence

Question 165

having bowel movement fewer than three times a week

Answer 165

constipation

Question 166

occur when a cluster of veins, muscles, and tissues slip through the anal opening

Answer 166

hemorrhoids

Question 167

bulging of the front of the wall of the rectum into the wall of the vagina

Answer 167

rectocele

Question 168

presence of bright red blood in the stool

Answer 168

hematochezia

Question 169

passage of black, tarry, foul-smelling stools

Answer 169

melena

Question 170

presence of excess fat in the stool

Answer 170

steatorrhea

Question 171

abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity

Answer 171

ascites

Question 172

abnormal enlargement of the liver

Answer 172

hepatomegaly

Question 173

yellow discoloration of the skin

Answer 173

jaundice

Question 174

inflammation of the liver

Answer 174

hepatitis

Question 175

chronic degenerative disease of the liver characterized by scarring

Answer 175

cirrhosis

Question 176

accumulation of fat in the liver and is not associated with alcohol consumption

Answer 176

nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Question 177

fatty accumulation plus liver-damaging inflammation

Answer 177

nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

Question 178

acute inflammation of bile duct

Answer 178

cholangitis

Question 179

inflammation of gallbladder

Answer 179

inflammation of gallbladder

Question 180

hard deposit in gallbladder and bile ducts due to concretion of bile components

Answer 180

gallstone

Question 181

presence of gallstones in gallbladder or bile ducts

Answer 181

cholelithiasis

Question 182

radiographic procedure showing cross-section of tissue structure within abdomen

Answer 182

abdominal CT

Question 183

noninvasive test using very high frequency sound waves to visualize internal organs

Answer 183

abdominal ultrasound

Question 184

radiographic examination of bile ducts with the use of contrast medium

Answer 184

cholangiography

Question 185

placement of solution into rectum/colon to empty the lower intestine

Answer 185

enema

Question 186

allows direct visualization of upper GI tract

Answer 186

esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)

Question 187

radiographic studies to examine digestive system

Answer 187

upper GI series and lower GI series

Question 188

specimens of feces that are examined for content/characteristics

Answer 188

stool samples

Question 189

anoscopy

Answer 189

visual examination of anal canal/lower rectum

Question 190

use of tiny video camera that is swallowed by patient

Answer 190

capsule endoscopy

Question 191

direct visual examination of inner surface of the entire colon from rectum to cecum

Answer 191

colonoscopy

Question 192

endoscopic examination of the interior of the rectum, sigmoid colon, and possibly a portion of the descending colon

Answer 192

sigmoidoscopy

Question 193

laboratory test for hidden blood in the stool

Answer 193

Hemoccult test

Question 194

noninvasive stool test using DNA testing along with screening for hidden blood

Answer 194

Cologuard

Question 195

professional cleaning of teeth

Answer 195

dental prophylaxis

Question 196

crown, bridge, or denture that may or may not be anchored to the jaw

Answer 196

dental implant

Question 197

removal of diseased or damaged pulp

Answer 197

root canal

Question 198

surgical removal of the diseased gingival tissue

Answer 198

gingivectomy

Question 199

neutralize acids in the stomach

Answer 199

antacids

Question 200

decrease the amount of acid produced by the stomach

Answer 200

proton pump inhibitors

Question 201

prevents or relieves nausea/vomiting

Answer 201

antiemetic

Question 202

medications/foods that stimulate bowel movements

Answer 202

laxatives

Question 203

administered to combat dehydration

Answer 203

IV fluids

Question 204

liquid preparation of electrolytes administered to counteract dehydration, especially in young children

Answer 204

oral rehydration therapy

Question 205

chemicals, such as vitamins, that may prevent or delay cell damage

Answer 205

antioxidants

Question 206

living microorganisms that aid digesting and protection of body from harmful bacteria

Answer 206

probiotics

Question 207

specialized IV solution administered to patients who cannot or should not get nutrition through eating

Answer 207

total parenteral nutrition

Question 208

placement of feeding tube through nose into the stomach to provide nutrition

Answer 208

nasogastric intubation

Question 209

surgically placed feeding tube from exterior of body directly into stomach to provide nutrition

Answer 209

gastrostomy tube

Question 210

stapling of a section of stomach to make a small pouch, causing food to bypass first part of small intestine

Answer 210

gastric bypass surgery

Question 211

places inflatable band around the exterior of the stomach restricting food intake

Answer 211

lap-band adjustable gastric banding

Question 212

suturing of stomach to make it a small tube, reducing its capacity

Answer 212

endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty

Question 213

transplant of healthy stool to restore gut bacteria

Answer 213

fecal microbiota transplantation

Question 214

excretory opening between the ileum and the outside of the abdominal wall

Answer 214

ileostomy

Question 215

excretory opening between the colon and the body surface

Answer 215

colostomy

Question 216

removal of all or part of the colon

Answer 216

colectomy

Question 217

connects two hollow structures

Answer 217

anastomosis

Question 218

anastomosis between the upper portion of the stomach and the duodenum

Answer 218

gastroduodenostomy

Question 219

surgical removal of hemorrhoids

Answer 219

hemorrhoidectomy

Question 220

surgical fixation of prolapsed rectum to an adjacent tissue/organ

Answer 220

proctopexy

Question 221

surgical removal of all or part of the liver

Answer 221

hepatectomy

Question 222

incision into common bile duct for the removal of gallstones

Answer 222

choledocholithotomy

Question 223

surgical removal of gallbladder

Answer 223

cholecystectomy