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Anatomy and Physiology > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

formed by the palate

A

Roof

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2
Q

formed by the tongue and the mucosa supported by the Geniohyoid and Mylohyoid muscles

A

Floor

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3
Q

formed by the outer fleshy wall (cheeks

and lips) and an inner bony wall (teeth and gums)

A

Lateral and Anterior walls

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4
Q

between the

walls

A

ORAL VESTIBULE

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5
Q

area

inside the teeth and gums

A

ORAL CAVITY PROPER

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6
Q

protect

the anterior opening

A

Lips (labia)

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7
Q

form the

lateral walls

A

Cheeks

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8
Q

forms

the anterior roof

A

Hard palate

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9
Q

forms

the posterior roof

A

Soft palate

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10
Q

fleshy
projection of the
soft palate

A

Uvula

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11
Q

fibromuscular fold extending from the posterior border

of the hard palate; contains skeletal muscles and ends posteriorly at the Uvula

A

Soft Palate

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12
Q

Helps with swallowing

A

soft pallete

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13
Q

tenses soft palate
opens auditory tube
Mandibular branch of CN V

A

TENSOR VELI PALATINI

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14
Q

elevates soft palate

opens auditory tube

A

LEVATOR VELI PALATINI

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15
Q

elevates uvula

A

MUSCULUS UVULAE

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16
Q

elevates pharynx
closes nasopharynx
Vagus N via Pharyngeal plexus

A

PALATOPHARYNGEUS

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17
Q 
causes deviation of the Uvula
toward the OPPOSITE SIDE OF
THE LESION because of
paralysis of the Musculus
Uvulae ms
A

LESION of the VAGUS NERVE

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18
Q 
• Mobile; muscular organ
• Involved with:
mastication
gustation
deglutition
articulation
oral cleansing
A

Tongue

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19
Q

Mass of striated muscle (voluntary) covered with mucous membrane

A

Tongue

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20
Q

Anterior 2/3 –

A

Mouth

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21
Q

Posterior 1/3 –

A

Pharynx

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22
Q

inferior, relatively fixed part
attached to hyoid and mandible; post
3rd

A

Root

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23
Q

ant 3rd

A

Body

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24
Q

pointed anterior

A

Apex

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25
Q

other Parts and Surfaces of the Tongue

A

Dorsum

Inferior

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26
Q

Inferior surface is smooth
and is reflected from the
tongue to the floor of the
mouth

• Connected by _ of
the tongue

A

Frenulum

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27
Q
  • SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND
  • SUBLINGUAL GLAND
  • PAROTID GLAND
A

SALIVARY GLANDS

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28
Q

• Clear, tasteless, odorless viscid fluid secreted by the Salivary glands

  • Keeps the mucous membrane of the mouth moist
  • Lubricates the food during mastication
  • Begins digestion of starches
A

Saliva

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29
Q

below the mandible

A

Submandibular Gland

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30
Q

related

superficially to Mylohyoid

A

Superficial

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31
Q

located between
Hyoglossus and Styloglossus
medially and Mylohyoid
laterally

A

Deep

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32
Q

• Located in the floor of the mouth between the mucous membrane
above and the Mylohyoid muscle below

  • Surrounds the terminal portion of the Submandibular duct
  • Mixed secretion predominantly Mucus
  • Its duct opens into the floor of the mouth
A

Sublingual Gland

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33
Q

For quick transmucosal absorption of a drug – for example, when
Nitroglycerin is used as a vasodilator in Angina Pectoris (chest pain),
the pill is PUT UNDER the TONGUE where the thin mucosa allows
the absorbed drug to enter the deep lingual veins

A

Sublingual absorption of Drugs

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34
Q

• Largest salivary gland

• Occupies the Retromandibular
space between the ramus of
the mandible front and the
mastoid process and the
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
behind
A

parotid gland

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35
Q

inflammation of parotid gland

A

paratitis

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36
Q

Straight muscular tube

A

esophagus

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37
Q 
• 23 – 25 cm long
• Extends from pharynx to
stomach
• Propels swallowed food to
stomach
A

esophagus

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38
Q 
• Contains mucous glands for
lubrication
• Follows the curve of the
vertebral column as it
descends thru the neck and
posterior mediastinum
• Enters stomach at cardia
A

esophagus

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39
Q

esophagus Propels swallowed food to

stomach through

A

Peristalsis

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40
Q 
Located at inferior end of
esophagus
• Within esophagogastric
junction
• Contracts and relaxes
• When one is not eating, ES is
closed to prevent reflux of
food or stomach juices to
esophagus
• Food momentarily stops
here before entering
stomach
A

Esophageal sphincter

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41
Q

segments

A

Cervical Segment
Thoracic Segment
Mid thoracic
Lower thoracic

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42
Q
  1. At the esophageal inlet, where the pharynx
    joins the esophagus, behind the cricoid
    cartilage (14-16 cm from the incisor teeth).
A

PHARYNGO-ESOPHAGEAL CONSTRICTION

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43
Q
  1. Where its anterior surface is crossed by the
    aortic arch and the left bronchus (25-27 cm
    from the incisor teeth).
A

=THORACIC (AORTOBRONCHIAL)

CONSTRICTION

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44
Q
  1. Where it pierces the diaphragm (36-38 cm

from the incisor teeth).

A

= DIAPHRAGMATIC CONSTRICTION

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45
Q

Glistening, transparent serous membrane

A

Peritoneum

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46
Q

– lining the internal surface of the abdominopelvic wall

A

Parietal peritoneum

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47
Q

– investing organs / viscera

A

Visceral peritoneum

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48
Q
  • Sensitive to pressure , pain, heat and cold
  • pain is generally localized

• Served by the same blood, lymphatic vasculature and somatic nerve
supply as the region of the wall it lines

A

Parietal

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49
Q
  • Insensitive to touch, heat, cold
  • stimulated primarily by stretching
  • pain is poorly localized

• Served by the same blood, lymphatic vasculature and same visceral
nerve supply as the organs it covers

A

Visceral

50
Q

covered with visceral peritoneum

A

Intraperitoneal organs

51
Q 
– outside ,
external or posterior to the parietal peritoneum; partially covered
with peritoneum (usually on one surface)
A

Extraperitoneal, Retroperitoneal and Subperitoneal

52
Q

Inflammation and infection of the peritoneum and commonly
occurs due to ruptured appendix, a penetrating abdominal wound, a
perforated ulcer or poor sterile technique during surgery

A

Peritonitis

53
Q

Occur after abdominal surgery whereby scar tissue forms and limits
the normal movement of the viscera

A

Peritoneal adhesions

54
Q

The surgical separation of adhesions is termed as

A

ADHESIOTOMY

55
Q

Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity due to peritonitis from
congestion of the venous drainage of the abdomen

common in hepatitis

A

Ascites and Paracentesis

56
Q

Surgical puncture of the peritoneal cavity for aspiration or drainage
of fluid is called as

A

PARACENTESIS

57
Q

STOMACH capacity

A

• 1.5 liter capacity
•
• Acts as food blender and reservoir
•

• Enzymatic digestion

58
Q

Stomach is Divided into 4 parts:

A

Cardia
Body
Fundus
Pylorus

59
Q

near the gastroesophageal junction

A

Cardia

60
Q

dilated superior part

A

Fundus

61
Q

major part, lies between fundus and pyloric antrum

A

Body

62
Q 
distal part; divisible into pyloric antrum (wide part) and
pyloric canal (narrow part)
A

Pylorus

63
Q

forms the shorter concave border of the stomach;
the angular incisure / notch is the sharp indentation approximates the
junction of the body and pyloric part of the stomach

A

Lesser curvature

64
Q

forms the longer convex border of the stomach

A

Greater curvature

65
Q

Gastric ulcers – most often occur within the body of the stomach
along the lesser curvature above the incisura angularis

A

Gastric ulcers

66
Q

most commonly found in the pylorus

A

Carcinomas of the stomach

67
Q
  • First & shortest part of the small intestine

* Widest and fixed part

A

Duodenum

68
Q

• C – shaped, about 10 inches long ( 25 cm )

A

Duodenum

69
Q

Duodenum division most important part

A

descending part because the head of the pancreas is there

70
Q

most often occur on the anterior wall of the first

part of the duodenum followed by the posterior wall

A

Duodenal ulcers

71
Q

occur most often with ulcers on the
anterior wall; less often with ulcers on the posterior wall (may
erode the gastroduodenal artery causing severe hemorrhage and
perforate into the pancreas

A

Perforation of the duodenum

72
Q

vomiting of blood,

A

Hematemesis

73
Q

blood in the stool,

A

Hematochezia

74
Q

• 25 %
• Male to female ratio = 1:1
• Increased risk with blood type A
• Bleeding from left gastric art; perforation
• Burning epigastric pain soon after eating; pain increases with food
intake; relieved by antacids

A

Gastric ulcer

75
Q

• 75 %
• Male to female ratio = 2:1
• Increased risk with blood type O
• Bleeding from gastroduodenal artery; perforation
• Burning epigastric pain 1 – 3 hrs after eating; pain decreases with
food intake; relieved by antacids; patient wakes at night because of
pain

A

Duodenal ulcers

76
Q 
• Jejunum starts at
duodenojejunal flexure
• 6-7 m long
• 2/5 jejunum, 3/5 ileum
• Coiled
• Covered by greater
omentum
• No clear line of demarcation
• Localization is of surgical
importance
A

Jejunum and Ileum

77
Q 
• Latin jejunus = EMPTY
• Often empty
• Thicker
• More vascular
• Redder
• Lies in umbilical region
• Circular folds [ plica circulares or
valves of Kerckring] of mucous
membranes are large and well
developed
A

Jejunum

78
Q 
• Thin
• Less vascular
• Less red
• Lies in hypogastric and right
inguinal region
• Plicae circulares are small in
superior ileum and absent in
terminal ileum
• Lymph follicles are aggregated as

Peyer patches located at the anti-
mesenteric side

• Site of an outpouching called
Meckel’s diverticulum
• Ends at ileocecal junction

A

Ileum

79
Q 
• Most common malformation of
GIT
• In 1 -2 % of popln
• Fingerlike pouch
• Remnant of embryonic yolk stalk
• Same layers as wall of ileum
• May contain gastric epithelium
and secrete acid cause ulcer
• 3 -6 cm long
• Fr antimesenteric border of ileum
• Within 50 cm of ileocecal junction
• When inflammed , mimics acute
appendicitis
A

Meckel’s Diverticulum

80
Q

MESENTERY
• Double layer of peritoneum w/c encloses an organ and
connects it to abdominal wall
• Contains fat, lymph nodes, BV, nerves going to viscus
• Named after viscus it attaches
• Stomach – mesogastrium
• Transverse colon – transverse mesocolon
• Sigmoid colon – mesosigmoid
• Ovary - mesovarium
• Most mobile parts of intestine
• Transverse colon, small intestine
• None in retroperitoneal viscus
• Ascending colon , kidney, parts of duodenum

A

MESENTERY

81
Q

• Suspends jejunum &
ileum
• Fan shaped

A

MESENTERY

82
Q

• vermiform [ L. vermis,
wormlike]
• blind intestinal
diverticlum

• 6 - 10 cm long
• arises from
posteromedial aspect of
cecum below ileocecal
junction
• mesoappendix -
triangular mesentery
A

Apendix

83
Q

64%

most common

A

retrocecal

84
Q

32%

A

Pelvic

85
Q

Symptoms: RLQ pain

McBurney’s point

A

Acute Appendicitis

86
Q

= visceral referred pain, T10

A
  1. RLQ tenderness
87
Q

= stretching of psoas by R thigh extension causes pain

A

Psoas sign

88
Q

= stretching of obt. internus by internal rotation causes

pain

A

Obturator sign

89
Q 
• Consists of:
• cecum
• ascending colon
• transverse colon
• descending
colon
•sigmoid colon
A

COLON

90
Q

• - 3 thickened band of muscle

A

Taenia coli

91
Q

• - sacculations between taenia

A

Haustra

92
Q

• - fatty projections of omentum

A

Appendices

93
Q

• - larger

A

Internal diameter

94
Q 
• 1st part of LI
• continuous w/ ascending
colon
• about 7.5 cm
• at RLQ
• lies in iliac fossa inferior to
terminal ileum
• palpable at abd wall if
distended w/ gas or feces
• enveloped by peritoneum
• can be lifted freely
A

cecum

95
Q

• circular muscle poorly
developed around orifice
• not a true sphincter

- ICV does not control
passage of
intestinal contents
from ileum into the
cecum
• - ICV does not prevent
reflux of intestinal
contents from cecum
back to ileum
A

ILEOCECAL VALVE

96
Q

-15 cm long
- passes superiorly on right side
- turns to left below liver as R colic flexure or
hepatic flexure
- narrower than cecum

  • lies retroperitoneally on the R side of posterior

abdominal wall

  • covered by peritoneum anteriorly and on its sides
A

ASCENDING COLON

97
Q
  • 45 cm long
  • largest, most mobile
  • crosses abdomen from R colic flexure to L colic flexure
  • L colic flexure [splenic flexure]= more superior, more acute,
    less mobile compared to R, below spleen
  • transverse mesocolon [mesentery]= loops down to pelvis
  • variable in position
A

TRANSVERSE COLON

98
Q

Posterior surface has no peritoneum

More deeply placed
- from left colic flexure to sigmoid

  • on left side
  • retroperitoneal
  • has a short mesentery
  • has a paracolic gutter on its side
A

DESCENDING COLON

99
Q

• 25 cm long
•Descends to left hypochondraic and lumbar regions
• From lower part of lateral border of L kidney to psoas
major and quadratum lumborum to iliac crest
• Curves down and medially in front of iliacus and
psoas major muscle
• Ends at sigmoid colon at the inlet of lesser pelvis (iliac
crest)

A

DESCENDING COLON

100
Q
  • S shaped loop
  • 40 cm
  • connects desc colon and rectum
  • has long mesentery, thus, has considerable degree of
    freedom
  • termination of taenia coli = indicates rectosigmoid jxn
  • omental appendices = long
A

SIGMOID COLON

101
Q

COLON CANCER
- may involve any segment
Diagnostic tests:

A

1] Barium enema = xray of colon

2] Colonoscopy = direct visualization

3] CT Scan with Oral and IV contrast

102
Q

COLON CANCER

Symptoms:

A

1] decreased size of stools
2] constipation
3] blood in stools

103
Q

Treatment for colon cancer:

A
  • colon containing the cancerous mass is resected

including its arterial and venous drainage

104
Q

Ascending colon cancer =

Transverse colon cancer =

A

R hemicolectomy
- ligate ileocolic, R colic and middle colic vessels

Transverse colectomy
- ligate middle colic, R and L colic vessels

105
Q
  • long mesentery - very
    mobile

-can be visualized w/ sigmoidoscope -
25 cm from anus

A

SIGMOID COLON

106
Q

-common site of large intestinal obstruction as:

A

1] Volvulus - twisting of mesosigmoid
2] Cancer - most common site
3] Diverticulitis- connects to UB form fistula
4] Fecal impaction - among elderly

107
Q

BIGGEST IN COLON

A

TRANSVERS

108
Q

Not part of abdominal

after the sigmoid colon

A

rectum

109
Q

elevates anus

A

levator ani

110
Q

part of the levator ani called the
_____ sling pulls the
anorectal junction anteriorly

A

puborectalis

111
Q

-terminal dilated part
w/c is very distensible
-where feces is held
before it is expelled

A

Rectal ampulla

112
Q

holds pheses in one area

A

Valves of Houston

113
Q

Rectal / Digital (finger) examination

A

• Performed by inserting a gloved, lubricated finger
into the rectum; using the other hand to press on
the lower abdomen or pelvic area

• Palpate for lumps, tumors, enlargements, tissue
hardening, hemorrhoids, enlarged lymph nodes,
swellings in ischioanal fossae, tenderness of an
inflamed appendicits

114
Q

Can be detected by COLONOSCOPY, which is an examination of the
inside of colon and rectum using an elongated flexible lighted
endoscope / colonoscope inserted into the rectum

A

rectal cancer

115
Q

above pectinate line

A

voluntary

116
Q

above pectinate line

A

involuntary

117
Q

• VERTICAL FOLDS OF THE

MUCOUS MEMBRANE

A

ANAL COLUMNS

118
Q

• HORIZONTAL FOLDS THAT
JOINS OR LINKS ADJOINING
ANAL COLUMNS

A

ANAL VALVES

119
Q

LINE FORMED BY THE
ANAL VALVES AROUND
THE CIRCUMFERENCE
OF THE ANAL CANAL

A

pectinate line

120
Q

2 types of hemorrhoids

A

internal

external

Anatomy and Physiology (9 decks)

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