Digestive Glands - Cole

Question 1

Functions of digestive glands?

Answer 1

Lubricative, protective, digestive and absorptive functions

Question 2

3 major glands

Answer 2

Salivary
Exocrine pancreas
Liver (gallbladder)

Question 3

4 ways exocrine glands are classified

Answer 3

1. Structure of duct - simple and branched
2. Structure of secretory units - tubular or alveolar (acinar)
3. Secretory product - mucus or serous
4. Secretory mechanism - merocrine, holocrine, apocrine

Question 4

3 Major salivary glands

Answer 4

1. Parotid - 25% of saliva - amylase rich
2. Submandibular - 70% of saliva
3. Sublingual

Question 5

Saliva

Answer 5

.5 liters a day
Contains proteins, glycoproteins (mucus), ions, water and IgA
Under the control of the ANS
Functions: lubricate, protect, digestive

Question 6

Parotid gland

Answer 6

Serous acinus
Secretes zymogen
Clears bacteria before the bastids get in the body
On teeth

Question 7

Submandibular gland

Answer 7

Mixed acinus - serous and mucus
Serous demilunes
Secrete mucin that protects and lubricates

Question 8

Sublingual gland

Answer 8

Mucous acinus
Mixed mucus and serous
Mucus acini predominate
No long ducts, multiple small

Question 9

What makes IgA in saliva?

Answer 9

Plasma cells

Question 10

Enzymes of the parotid gland?

Answer 10

Amylase, peroxidase, lysozyme

Question 11

Clinical significance of mumps, rabies and tumors

Answer 11

Parotid gland is primary target for all 3
Mumps - transient swelling
Most frequent site of slow-growing benign salivary glands
Surgery - protect facial nerve

Question 12

Exocrine Pancreas

Answer 12

Pancreas is combined endocrine and exocrine
Functional unit - acinus
Centroacinar cells - low cuboidal epithelial lining the intercalated duct

Question 13

Endocrine Pancreas

Answer 13

Islet of Langerhans - 2% of pancreas volume

Main function - regulation of glucose metabolism by hormones secreted into the bloodstream

Question 14

Centroacinar cells

Answer 14

Pancreas
Secretin controls
Secrete mucin

Question 15

Pancreatic secretions

Answer 15

Cholecysokinin (CCK) and secretin increase flow of pancreatic fluid
CCK stimulates release of zymogen
Diet affects what is secreted - ex. if eat pale - proteases

Question 16

Secretin

Answer 16

Can act on cells in duct to get them to secrete bicarbonate and water

Question 17

If you eat a paleo diet high in protein, pancreas will secrete mainly?

Answer 17

Proteases

Question 18

If you eat a shit ton of carbs, pancreas will secrete

Answer 18

Amylase - breaks down starch

Question 19

Acute pancreatitis

Answer 19

Premature activation of pancreatic enzymes that start to digest the pancreas
Can be caused by heavy meals and excessive alcohol

Question 20

Liver

Answer 20

Largest gland in body

Blood supplied by: Portal v. (75%) and Hepatic a. (25%)

Question 21

What is the structural and functional unit of liver?

Answer 21

Hepatic lobule (Cole's favorite - not classic lobule or portal lobule)
(Portal triad)

Question 22

Portal triad

Answer 22

Hepatic artery branch
Bile duct
Hepatic portal vein branch

Question 23

Blood flow in the liver

Answer 23

Blood goes from portal triad to central venule

Bile goes from central venule to the portal triad

Question 24

Kupffer cells

Answer 24

Macrophages in the lobule

-break down old RBCs (normally mostly in spleen)

Question 25

Space of Disse

Answer 25

Space between discontinuous cap and hepatocytes
Cap is so leaky that blood goes into the space of disse and is immediately available to hepatocytes and it can absorb what ever it wants

Question 26

Bile canaliculus

Answer 26

Between hepatocytes

-secrete bile

Question 27

Ito cells

Answer 27

Located at intervals within space of Disse

Storage sites for fat and vitamin A

Question 28

Hepatocytes

Answer 28

Functional endocrine and exocrine cell of the liver
Has basolateral domain with abundant microvilli extending into space of Disse
Contain SER

Question 29

Functions of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 29

1. Synthesis of cholesterol and bile salts
2. Glucuronide conjugation of bilirubin, steroids and drugs
3. Breakdown of glycogen into glucose
4. The detoxification of lipid-soluble drugs

Question 30

Bile

Answer 30

Fat absorption

Transports IgA to the intestinal mucosa

Question 31

Metabolism of bilirubin

Answer 31

85% originates from senescent RBCs destroyed in spleen by macrophages
Bilirubin forms a complex with albumin
Albumin detaches and bilirubin is internalized by the hepatocyte

Question 32

Fatty liver

Answer 32

Long term consumption of ethanol
Can reverse
Cirrhosis - collagen proliferation of fibrosis of the liver

Question 33

Gallbladder

Answer 33

Storage, concentration and release of bile