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Systems Physiology > Digestion > Flashcards

Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

General functions of digestion?

A

Ingestion/motility
Digestion/secretion
Absorption
Regulation of GI function

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2
Q

What three things control movement of food throughout GI tract?

A

Intrinsic enteric nervous system
Extrinsic nervous system
Reflexes

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3
Q

At what point does enteric nervous system start along GI tract?

A

In esophagus

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4
Q

What cells constitute the enteric nervous system?

A

Pacemaker interstitial cells of cajal

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5
Q

What does cells of cajal dictate?

A

Maximum frequency/the strength of contractions independent of nerves and hormones

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6
Q

What does the number of spike potentials indicate?

A

The strength of the contraction

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7
Q

What aspect of the ANS increases peristalsis?

A

Parasympathetics

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8
Q

What aspect of the extrinsic nervous system is present in GI tract?

A

Myenteric plexus

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9
Q

Name the 5 types of contractions myenteric plexus causes?

A

Tonic contractions
Giant migrating complexes
Migratory motor complexes
Mixing contractions
Peristalsis

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10
Q

What territory is vagus nerve responsible for?

A

Esophagus to splenic flexure of large intestine

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11
Q

What do g ain’t migrating complexes allow for?

A

Contractions over long distances

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12
Q

What increases giant migrating complexes (like in bowel movements?)

A

Serotonin

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13
Q

What increases migratory motor complexes?

A

Motilin

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14
Q

What cells perform peristalsis?

A

Interstitial cells of cajal

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15
Q

What innervation is responsible for digestion, secretion and absorption?

A

Meissner’s plexus

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16
Q

Where is meissner’s plexus located?

A

In submucosa

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17
Q

What effect does chewing have on food?

A

Increases surface area

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18
Q

What nutrients are digested in the mouth?

A

Carbs and fats

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19
Q

What enzyme digests carbs in the mouth?

A

Amylase

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20
Q

What does amylase do?

A

Digests starch to maltose

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21
Q

What enzyme is responsible for fat digestion in mouth?

A

Salivary lipase

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22
Q

What does salivary lipase do?

A

Digests triacyglycerols to glycerol plus fatty acids

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23
Q

Three phases of swallowing?

A

Voluntary
Pharyngeal
Esophageal

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24
Q

What is the primary function of the pharyngeal stage?

A

Block trachea as food passes so breathing is inhibited

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25
Q

What relaxes during the pharyngeal stage?

A

Upper spinchter

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26
Q

What begins in pharyngeal stage?

A

Peristalsis

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27
Q

Upper 1/3 esophagus muscle?

A

Striated

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28
Q

What is upper esophageal sphincter responsible for?

A

Keeping air from entering esophagus

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29
Q

Where is primary peristalsis initiated?

A

Medulla

30
Q

Where is secondary peristalsis initiated?

A

Enteric nervous system

31
Q

What is responsible for the stomach mixing movements?

A

The high pressure antral pump

32
Q

What nutrients are digested in the stomach?

A

Proteins and fats

33
Q

What enzyme digests proteins in stomach?

A

Pepsin

34
Q

What does pepsin do?

A

Converts proteins to peptides

35
Q

What is required to make pepsin?

A

HCl and pepsinogen

36
Q

Where is HCl released from?

A

Parietal cells

37
Q

Where is pepsinogen released from?

A

Chief cells

38
Q

What enzyme digests fats in the stomach?

A

Gastric lipase

39
Q

What does gastric lipase do?

A

Digests TAGs to glycerol plus fatty acids

40
Q

What does emptying of the stomach cause the release of?

A

Gastrin

41
Q

What does gastrin do?

A

Assists in emptying stomach

42
Q

Where is gastrin released from?

A

G-cells

43
Q

What duct enters at duodenum?

A

Common bile duct

44
Q

What sphincter does the common bile duct enter through?

A

Spinchter of odi

45
Q

What does the sphincter of odi allow for?

A

Bile and pancreatic enzymes to enter the duodenum

46
Q

What is bile necessary for ?

A

Action of pancreatic lipase for fat digestion

47
Q

How are proteins absorbed?

A

They enter the portal blood as amino acids

48
Q

Primary role of jejunum of small intestine?

A

Absorption of digested proteins, carbs, and lipids

49
Q

How are carbs absorbed?

A

They enter the portal blood as monosaccharides

50
Q

How are fats absorbed?

A

They enter the lymph as chylomicrons containing TAGs

51
Q

What in GI tract is sensitive to ischemia?

A

Villi of small intestine

52
Q

What is absorbed in ileum?

A

Vitamin B12

53
Q

What is required for vitamin B 12 to be absorbed?

A

Intrinsic factor

54
Q

What connects the small and large intestines?

A

Ileocecal valve

55
Q

What is the primary function of the large intestine?

A

Absorption of water and electrolytes

56
Q

What is produced and absorbed by intestinal bacteria in the large intestine?

A

Vitamins like vitamin K and biotin

57
Q

Where do mass movements occur?

A

From transverse colon to rectum to push food through large intestine

58
Q

What does chyme help with?

A

Electrolyte absorption

59
Q

What causes CCK to be released?

A

Fatty chyme and amino acids in the duodenum

60
Q

5 actions of CCK?

A

Contraction of gallbladder to release bile
Release pancreatic enzymes
Relaxation of sphincter of odi
Decreases gastric emptying
Causes brain to feel satiated

61
Q

What causes secretin release?

A

Acid in duodenum

62
Q

5 actions of secretin?

A

Release of bicarbonate from Brunner’s glands
Release of pancreatic fluid
Increases liver ductal secretion
Decreases gastric emptying
Inhibits motility

63
Q

What causes GIP to be released?

A

Glucose in duodenum

64
Q

2 actions of GIP?

A

Larger insulin release with oral glucose
Delays gastric emptying

65
Q

What causes gastrin to be released?

A

Stretch in stomach

66
Q

3 actions of gastrin?

A

Secretion of acid from gastric cells
Increase motility
Stimulate growth of gastric mucosa

67
Q

What initiates release of VIP?

A

Myenteric plexus

68
Q

4 actions of VIP?

A

Relax sphincter
Dilate blood vessels
Inhibit gastric acid secretion
Increase motility

69
Q

When is motilin released?

A

Cyclically between meals

70
Q

Actions of motilin?

A

Mediates migratory motor complexes
Moves undigested food towards colon

Systems Physiology (11 decks)

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