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Y2S2 - Differentiation > Diff8 - 28 > Flashcards

Diff8 - 28 Flashcards

1
Q

Four functions of muscle

A

Movement/posture, communication, body temperature, respiration

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2
Q

Three muscle wasting causes

A

Injury, ageing, dystrophies

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3
Q

What are the four broad stages of myogenesis?

A

Stem cell > muscle progenitor (myoblast) > differentiated muscle (myotubes) > myofibres

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4
Q

What is MyoD?

A

Regulatory gene in myogenesis

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5
Q

Who isolated MyoD and when?

A

Weintraub 1987

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6
Q

What family doe MyoD belong?

A

bHLH proteins

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7
Q

What does bHLH stand for?

A

basic helix-loop-helix proteins

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8
Q

What other members of the bHLH family are there?

A

MyoD, Myf5, Myogenin, MRF4

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9
Q

What is the function of the bHLH protein?

A

Transcription activator, forming heterodimers with E12 or E47, binding to E box (CANNTG)

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10
Q

What co-factors aid myogenesis?

A

Myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs)

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11
Q

Where are MRFs expressed?

A

Myoblasts during embryogenesis

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12
Q

Which group of muscles are medial?

A

Epaxial

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13
Q

Which group of muscle are lateral?

A

Hypaxial

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14
Q

Characterise Myf5 KO

A

Viable, no obvious muscle defect, delay in myotome formation until MyoD expression

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15
Q

Characterise MyoD KO

A

Viable, no obvious muscle defect, increased Myf5 expression compensates, slight delay in limb development, deficit in regenerative ability

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16
Q

Characterise Myf5/MyoD KO

A

Complete absence of skeletal muscle, no myoblasts

17
Q

Characterise Myogenin KO

A

Mice die shortly after birth from diaphragm defect, reduced density of myofibers replaced by myoblasts

18
Q

What are the three processes to muscle commitment?

A

Determination, differentiation, maturation

19
Q

What specifies epaxial muscle lineage?

A

SHh + Wnt > Myf5 + MyoD

20
Q

What specifies hypaxial muscle lineage?

A

Wnt7a > Myf5 + MyoD in lateral myotome; BMP4 > Pax3 + Lbx1, but represses Myo5 + MyoD in limb bud cells

21
Q

What is HGF?

A

Hepatocyte growth factor

22
Q

What is SF?

A

Scatter factor

23
Q

What do limb bud cells secrete?

A

HGF/SF

24
Q

How are HGF/SF receptors created in limb bud?

A

Pax3 > c-met (receptor)

25
Q

Where do satellite cells originate?

A

Somites

26
Q

Where are satellite cells?

A

Located just under basal lamina

27
Q

What are satellite cells activated by?

A

Injury/exercise

28
Q

What are the steps of regeneration by satellite cells?

A

Induction of Myf5 or MyoD; expression of both; proliferation/self renewal; differentiation and fusion to existing fibres

Y2S2 - Differentiation (15 decks)

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