Diff10 - 26

Question 1

Where do cardiac cells originate from?

Answer 1

The lateral mesoderm - splachnopleura

Question 2

Outline vertebrate cardiogenesis

Answer 2

Mesodermal precursor, cardioblast, cariomyocyte, linear heart tube, looped heart tube, multichanbered heart

Question 3

What induces a vertebrate cardioblast?

Answer 3

BMP then Nkx2.5

Question 4

What differentiates a vertebrate cardioblast into a cardiomyocyte?

Answer 4

MEF2C

Question 5

What structures vertebrate cardiomyocytes into linear heart tube?

Answer 5

GATA4

Question 6

What creates the looped heart tube?

Answer 6

inv and iv

Question 7

What finalises the multichambered heart?

Answer 7

dHand and eHand

Question 8

What is the difference in drosophila/vertebrate cardiogenesis?

Answer 8

Linear heart tube becomes dorsal vessel - no loop or multichambered occurs

Question 9

What induces a drosophila cardioblast?

Answer 9

dpp then tinman

Question 10

What does Dpp stand for?

Answer 10

Decapentaplegic

Question 11

What differentiates a drosophila cardioblast into a cardiomyocyte?

Answer 11

DMef2

Question 12

What structures drosophila cariomyocytes into linear heart tube?

Answer 12

Pannier

Question 13

What are GATA transcription factors?

Answer 13

Zinc finger proteins

Question 14

What are GATA1-3 responsible for?

Answer 14

Hematopoiesis

Question 15

What are GATA4-6 responsible for?

Answer 15

Cardiogenesis

Question 16

Outline heart looping

Answer 16

Loops to right - the first break in left/right symmetry

Question 17

What are the suggested mechanisms involved in heart looping?

Answer 17

Asymmetric cell division/death, changes in cell shape triggered by asymmetric distribution of microtubules/actin bundles

Question 18

What molecules are only expressed on the left side?

Answer 18

Lefty and nodal - two TGF-beta-related molecules only expressed on left side

Question 19

How is left-right asymmetry in the embryo initially setup?

Answer 19

Activin receptor Iia signalling inhibits SHh expression on the right side of the embryo

Question 20

What does iv stand for?

Answer 20

inversus viscerum

Question 21

What does inv stand for?

Answer 21

inversion of embryonic turning

Question 22

What do iv mutations cause?

Answer 22

Random reversal of heart looping

Question 23

What do inv mutations cause?

Answer 23

Compelte reversal of heart looping

Question 24

What does iv code for?

Answer 24

Dynein proteins involved in movement of cilia

Question 25

What does inv code for?

Answer 25

Inversin - protein containing ankyrin repeats found in cilia

Question 26

What family are dHand and eHand?

Answer 26

bHLH transcription factors