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year 2 > diff dx neuro - brain stuff > Flashcards

diff dx neuro - brain stuff Flashcards

1
Q

3 principle functions of the brain

A
  1. regulating tone or walking= brain stem
  2. obtaining, processing & storing info
    99% of brain fibers are interneurons
  3. programming, regulating & verifying mental activity
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2
Q

hierarchy of brain structures (3)

A 
1. primary areas= projection
  receive sensory & produce motor
2. secondary areas = association
 incoming info is processed & motor function is prepared
3. tertiary areas = zones of overlapping
  most complex form of mental activity
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3
Q

frontal lobe sections (6)

A
  1. primary motor area
  2. premotor area
  3. supplementary motor area
  4. frontal eye fields
  5. prefrontal cortex
  6. brocas area
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4
Q

motor areas in frontal lobe (3)

controls

A
  1. primary motor area
    controls complex multijoint movement (hands)
  2. premotor area**
    control postural sets before movements (visually guided)
    strong interaction with cerebellum
  3. supplementary motor area
    controls initiation & planning of movement
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5
Q

types of cells in primary motor area

A

baetz cells which are monosynaptic with S.C. area they innervate

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6
Q

lesion in premotor area causes (3)

A
  1. weakness
  2. spasticity
  3. motor apraxia
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7
Q

frontal eye fields in frontal lobe

A

controls visual tracking, motor aspect of vision

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8
Q

brocas area
location
associated with which type of aphasia

A

located in frontal lobe

expressive aphasia (non-fluent); problems putting words together to form a sentence (word finding issues) 
** understands everything*
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9
Q 
frontal lobe syndrome
 2 common causes
 dorsolateral lesions 
     general, L & R hemisphere
 anterior lesions
A

Post CVA or TBI (etc….)

dorsolateral lesions => apathy and lack of ability to plan or sequence
if L => poor memory for verbal info
if R => poor memory for spatial info

anterior lesion => impulsive, emotional liability & memory disorders

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10
Q

parietal lobe sections (3) and what they are responsible for

A
  1. somatosensory areas
    localization of pain, touch, temp, proprioception
    *both dorsal colum & spinothalamic synapse here
  2. secondary areas
    interpretation (stereognosis & graphesthesia)
  3. association areas
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11
Q

parietal lobe lesions

6 deficits if NON-dominant hemisphere is involved (and definitions)

A

L side usually dominant (so usually these are the result of R hemisphere lesions)

  1. left sided neglect
  2. anosognosia = unaware of deficit, denial of disability
  3. alexia = inability to read
  4. agraphia = inability to write
  5. extinction of bilateral simultaneous stimulation
  6. ideation apraxia = inability to produce or describe motor tasks
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12
Q

parietal lobe syndrome (lesion in either hemisphere)

A

ideomotor apraxia = inability to produce purposeful movement on demand

pt may be able to describe task, but can;t execute… has the “idea” of the task

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13
Q

apraxia definition

A

inability to perform purposeful action

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14
Q

agnosia based on lesion location
parietal lobe
occipital lobe
temporal lobe

A
  1. parietal lobe => tactile agnosia (astereognosis)
  2. occipital lobe => visual agnosia
  3. temporal lobe => auditory agnosia
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15
Q

auditory cortex
location & purpose
unilateral lesion =>
bilateral lesion =>

A

located in temporal lobes, allows us to localize sound

unilateral lesion => minimal hearing loss

bilateral lesion => cortical deafness

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16
Q

Wernickes area
location
what it does
type of aphasia

A

wernickes area is located in the temporal lobe

in charge of preceptive processing of speech sounds

receptive aphasia (non-fluent) - cannot understand language in any form (oral, written, etc)

17
Q

occipital lobe
two areas and what they do
why is this area not commonly affected

A
  1. primary visual cortex
    sensation of light, shape, size and brightness
  2. association area
    recognition, visual processing

this area has low vascularity so not commonly affected with CVA, but can be affected by TBI

18
Q

bilateral occipital lobe lesion in primary visual cortex is called…
deficit in primary visual cortex is called…

A

occipital lobe lesion in primary visual cortex is called cortical blindness

deficit in primary visual cortex is called hemianopsia

19
Q

lesion in dominant occipital lobe hemisphere causes

A
  1. deficit of visual recognition (visual agnosia)
  2. object agnosia
  3. verbal agnosia or word blindness = alexia
  4. facial agnosia = prosopagnosia
20
Q

what connects the L & R hemispheres of our brian?

A

corpus callosum

21
Q

middle cerebral artery infarcts
anatomy & what it supplies
affects…

A

most common site of stroke*

comes off internal carotid; supplies frontal, parietal, occipital & temporal lobes

affects UE > LE

22
Q 
dominant middle cerebral artery infarcts
 lead to (3)
 whats affected most? (2)
A

contralateral hemiplegia with UE > LE involvement
distal > proximally

because it supplies frontal, parietal, occipital & temporal lobes, infarcts can cause…

  1. expressive or receptive aphasia
  2. homonymous hemianopsia (damage to optic radiations)
  3. contralateral sensory deficits
23
Q

what vessel is infarcted in a pure motor deficit?

A

small internal capsule

24
Q

anterior cerebral artery
supplies
infarcts cause (4)

A

supplies medial surface of frontal & parietal lobes

infarcts cause:

  1. contralateral hemiplegia with LE > UE
  2. mild aphasia (supplementary motor cortex)
  3. mental changes; loss of inhibition (frontal lobe)
  4. some sensory deficit in LE
25
Q

posterior cerebral artery
supplies
infarcts cause (2)

A

supplies medial & inferior temporal and occipital lobes
has thalamic branches***

infarcts cause:

  1. impairment of touch & deep sensation (thalamic branches)
  2. thalamic pain
26
Q 
internal carotid artery
 infarcts cause (2)
A

occlusion may be silent or cause massive infarct

infarcts cause:

  1. hemianopsia
  2. retinal blindness

year 2 (24 decks)

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