Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

704 > Diencephalon > Flashcards

Diencephalon Flashcards

1
Q

The ______________ is the largest portion of the diencephalon. It is a complex group of nuclei interposed between the _________ and lower centers of the ______________.

A

thalamus

cortex

brain stem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The thalamus receives ______________________ information from sensory pathways, processes this information and relays it to the ____________. It is also intimately associated with the motor systems - in particular with the _______________________________.

A

ascending sensory

cortex

basal ganglia, cerebellum and motor cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Is the thalamus a part of the reticular activating system?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The brain has two thalami which are egg shaped nuclear masses, one on each side of the _____________________. They function with respect to reciprocal connections with the ________________ cortex.

A

third ventricle

ipsilateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the two gross subdivisions of the thalamus?

A

A. Fiber layers

B. Nuclear subdivisions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 6 nuclear subdivisions of the thalamus (part of the gross subdivisions of the thalamus)?

A
  1. anterior group
  2. medial group
  3. lateral group
  4. metathalamic group
  5. intralaminar group
  6. reticular coat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The anterior group nuclear subdivision =

A

related to the limbic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The media group nuclear subdivision =

A

related to a number of systems, but the primary access to prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The lateral group nuclear subdivision =

A

relay nuclei for somatosensory and motor cortical areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The metathalamic group nuclear subdivision =

A

Lateral and Medial Geniculate nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The intralaminar group nuclear subdivision =

A

Centromedian nucleus that is related to the reticular formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The reticular coat nuclear subdivision =

A

outer most shell of the thalamus (not a part of the reticular formation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 6 SPECIFIC nuclear groups?

A
  1. Anterior thalamic group
  2. Medial group
  3. Lateral group
  4. Metathalamus
  5. Intralaminar
  6. Thalamic reticular coat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the anterior thalamic group SPECIAL nuclear group:

A

limbic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the media group SPECIAL nuclear group:

A
  • limbic, association cortex, basal ganglia

* Dorsomedial nuc. - major one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the lateral group SPECIAL nuclear group:

A

•Lateral group - divided into dorsal and ventral tier

    • Dorsal tier - pulvinar
    • Ventral tier - VPM, VPL, VL,VA (nuclei relaying sensory and motor information)
17
Q

Describe the metathalamus SPECIAL nuclear group:

A

Lateral and medial geniculate nuclei

18
Q

Describe the intralaminar SPECIAL nuclear group:

A

associated with reticular formation, almost everything else; Centromedian nucleus

19
Q

Describe the thalamic reticular coat SPECIAL nuclear group:

A

not reticular formation, acts in gating efferent thalamic information

20
Q

What are the subcortical afferents to thalamic nuclei? (We have already done a lot of these)

A
  • sensory pathways
  • basal ganglia
  • cerebellum
  • reticular formation
21
Q

Name the 4 functions of the thalamic nuclei:

A
  1. Gated relay for transmission of all sensations (except olfaction) for conscious perception
  2. Chief integrating center of all sensory information
  3. Plays dominant role in maintenance and regulation of the state of consciousness, alertness and attention = Awareness; area of affect-deals with emotion, pain, agreeableness; highly subjective
  4. Integrative center for motor activity - basal ganglia and cerebellum
22
Q

The cortical relay nuclei receive:

A

highly ordered SENSORY and MOTOR information and then relay it in an accurate manner (maintaining topographic, tonotopic, visuotopic organization) to specific sensory and motor cortices, i.e. VPM, VPL, VA, VL, LGN, MGN

23
Q

Association nuclei receive:

A

little or no direct afferents from sensory/motor pathways, but have extensive interthalamic connections and receive afferents from other subcortical nuclei (limbic, etc.). These project back to association cortices (mostly frontal, parietal and temporal lobes); includes pulvinar, dorsomedial

24
Q

Nonsepcefic nuclei; intralaminar nuclei (CM) associated with ___________________________________________. Reticular thalamic nucleus functions as an ______________________________________.

A

behavioral arousal and sensory/motor integration, sleep.

inhibitory feedback regulator of thalamic neuronal activity-gating of sensory information.

25
Q

Thalamic pain syndrome - usually ____________ in origin; thalamogeniculate artery (by loss of connections at the thalamic level or cortical level, pain sensations cannot be interpreted accurately.) The ability to discriminate between an ____________________ vs. a painful one becomes blurred.

A

vascular

irritating stimulus

26
Q

In thalamic pain syndrome, studies on the pathways and sensitization of the central pathways reveal a very broad scope of regions involved in the “increased” perception of pain. This can be as a result of either:

A

irritative stimuli such as an intervertebral disc or radiculopathy to more centrally mediated changes to circuitry as a result of stroke, TBI, SCI.

27
Q

In thalamic pain syndrome, central sensitization of pain has shown __________________________________________. This heightened response begins at _____________________________________________________.

A

heightened cortical responses in the thalamus, cingulated gyrus (limbic or emotion), parietal lobe and prefrontal cortex.

the synapse in the dorsal horn and can involve more than just the transfer of noxious sensations to ultimately affect non-noxious stimuli such as touch.

Clinically this is seen as hyperalgesia or allodynia.

28
Q

In thalamic pathologies, changes in stimulus thresholds:

A
  1. elevated for tactile and position sense

2. lowered for nociorecptive stimuli

29
Q

In thalamic pathologies, at threshold, sensations are exaggerated, exceptionally unpleasant =

A
  1. pin prick leads to severe burning pain

2. muscle leads to unpleasant responses

30
Q

In thalamic pathologies, _______________ pain is experienced.

A

spontaneuos

31
Q

In thalamic pathologies, emotional instability =

A

inappropriate laughing or crying; altered gating of emotion to cortex

32
Q

In thalamic pathologies, pseudobulbar affect =

A

stroke patients with brainstem and thalamic lesions

33
Q

The hypothalamus is responsible for:

A

homeostatic influences necessary for life; i.e., cardiorespiratory, thermoregulation, metabolic, water resorption, digestive activity.

34
Q

Activites, by the hypothalamus, are manifested by ____________________________________________________________________________. This area acts in a reflexive manner receiving _________________________________.

A

control or influence over the pituitary gland, autonomic nervous system at the level of the brainstem and the spinal cord.

afferent visceral information.

35
Q

It is also influenced by higher centers, primarily _________________________________.

A

limbic system and prefrontal cortex.

36
Q

The limbic system, responsible for _____________________________, influences the hypothalamus and thus the autonomic nervous system effecting cardiovascular, respiratory and emotional reactions to ___________________________________________.

A

emotion, moods and motivation,

ongoing situations; embarrassment, fear, anxiety.

37
Q

List 3 autonomic control areas of the hypothalamus:

A
  1. anterior hypothalamus
  2. lateral hypothalamus
  3. ventromedial hypothalamus
38
Q

What is the anterior hypothalamus related to?

A

related to septal region of limbic system

39
Q

What are the autonomic control areas of the hypothalamus looked as?

A

“upper motor neurons” of the ANS

704 (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions