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704 > 5_Neuroanatomy and Physiology of the Spinal Cord > Flashcards

5_Neuroanatomy and Physiology of the Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

The spinal cord is approximately ___ in length in males - _____ in females with a diameter of approximately _____.

A

45 cm
42 cm
1.0 - 1.5 cm

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2
Q

In the adult, this means that the spinal cord ends at the vertebral level of _____.

A

L1-L2

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3
Q

This disparity in length is due to a differential growth of the spinal cord versus ____________________.

A

the vertebral column

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4
Q

Along the length of the cord are two observable enlargements. These occur in which two regions?

A

These occur in the cervical region and in the lumbar/sacral regions.

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5
Q

Their occurrence marks the areas of the spinal cord that contain the neurons concerned with the ______________, respectfully.

A

Upper and lower extremities (brachial and lumbar plexi)

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6
Q

Rostrally, the cord is continuous with the ______, caudally it tapers into a structure referred to as ___________.

A

medulla

conus medullaris

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7
Q

The dorsal and ventral roots of the lower lumbar and sacral segments continue caudally to exit their appropriate ____________. Due to the differential growth of the cord versus the spine, this makes these roots very long. The collection of these long roots is the ______________.

A

intervertebral foramina

cauda equina

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8
Q

The three layers of meninges:__________________________________ .

A

dura mater, arachnoid and pia cover the spinal cord.

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9
Q

The dura consists only of a ____________. (the _____________ layer ended at _____________).

A

meningeal layer

the periosteal layer ended at foramen magnum

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10
Q

What is the epidural space is an actual space filled with?

A

fat

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11
Q

The organization of the arachnoid, acting as the limiting component for:

A

CSF containment

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12
Q

The CSF gets into the subarachnoid space of the spinal canal after leaving the ___________________________.

A

foramina of Luschka and Magendie

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13
Q

Since the cord ends at vertebral levels______, that leaves a large pocket of subarachnoid space below the caudal tip of the cord, known as the ________.

A

L1 - L2

lumbar cistern

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14
Q

In what region are lumbar punctures (spinal taps) are routinely made? (It is safe in this region. )

A

lumbar cistern

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15
Q

The pia has two components: 1) a_______ that is adhered directly to the ______, much the same as with the brain. The 2) the ___________.

A

1) pia intima
spinal cord
2) denticulate ligaments

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16
Q

The denticulate ligaments are extension that _____________________ and _______________ to attach the dura.

A

extensions that PROTRUDE from the lateral sides of the cord and PIERCE THE ARACHNOID to attach to the dura.

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17
Q

The purpose of the denticulate ligaments is to help _______ and ________ the cord in the vertebral canal.

A

anchor

stablize

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18
Q

At the caudal end of conus medullaris, the ligament that extends to anchor the cord is called:

A

filum terminale

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19
Q

The filum terminale is made up of:

A

pia, glial elements and maybe some remnants of coccygeal neuronal elements.

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20
Q

AS the filum terminale extends through/and is encased with the dura to attach to the coccyx; it is termed the _________________.

A

coccygeal (sacral) ligament

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21
Q

The coccygeal (sacral) ligament anchors the:

A

end of the cord in the spinal canal.

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22
Q

There are ____ pairs of spinal nerves: ___ cervical, ___ thoracic, ___ lumbar, ___ sacral, and ___ coccygeal.

A 
31(32)
8
12
5
5
1(2)
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23
Q

During development of the cord, the segmental arrangement is obscured; with the only evidence remaining being the:

A

rootlets of the spinal nerves.

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24
Q

The segmental arrangement, however, is still represented to an extent as evidenced by:

A

dermatomal maps and the multisegmental innervation of muscles

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25
Q

Why is this organization clinically important in discerning the extent and/or location of a deficit? by documenting the loss of certain sensations or changes in motor activity, following damage to the central nervous system.

A

By documenting the loss of certain sensations or changes in motor activity (following damage to the central nervous system).

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26
Q

The spinal cord has two main subdivisions: (as does the entire CNS): gray matter and white matter.

A

1) gray matter

2) white matter

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27
Q

Gray matter of the spinal cord is:

A

the central “butterfly” shaped area

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28
Q

Gray matter consists of______________ and _________________.

A

neuron cell bodies and glial cells.

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29
Q

What is white matter that is made up?

A

myelinated axons.

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30
Q

The white matter contains both:

A

ascending and descending fiber tracts or pathways.

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31
Q

The ascending and descending fiber tracts or pathways can be divided into three general locations named ______

A

funiculi

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32
Q

Name the 3 funiculi:

A

1) dorsal (posterior) funiculus
2) lateral funiculus
3) ventral (anterior) funiculus

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33
Q

Funiculus is a general term for an:

A

area of white matter

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34
Q

Each funiculus is composed of a number of specific named _____, pathways or ____.

A

tracts

fasciculi

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35
Q

The naming of each specific pathway can be descriptive of ________ within the transverse section of the spinal cord and may also give an indication of what __________________________.

A

location

areas within the CNS the pathway is connecting

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36
Q

For example, the lateral corticospinal tract is located in the _____________ and originates in the ___________________ ending in the ___________

A

lateral funiculus
cortex of the cerebral hemisphere
spinal cord.

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37
Q

The gray matter is composed of what 3 structures:

A

1) nerve cell bodies
2) their dendritic processes
3) glial cells.

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38
Q

True or False: the organization within the gray matter of the spinal cord was not setup developmentally.

A

False: There is an organization within the gray matter of the spinal cord that was set up developmentally.

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39
Q

The alar plate is ______ located and is concerned with ___________ sensory information from the ________.

A

dorsally
afferent
periphery

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40
Q

The basal plate is ________ located and is concerned with _______ components of the cord.

A

ventrally

motor

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41
Q

The butterfly shaped gray area is then divided into a:

A

dorsal horn (sensory) and a ventral horn (motor).

42
Q

There is a lateral horn (intermediolateral cell column) present from spinal cord segment ____.

A

T1-L2

43
Q

The lateral horn is the location of the _________________________, a component of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS).

A

preganglionic sympathetic neurons

44
Q

The sacral segments (S1 -S3) also have a lateral horn that contains the ___________________________ for the lower parts of the body, the other part of the ANS

A

preganglionic PARAsympathetic neurons

45
Q

Where are other parasympathetic neurons located?

A

cranial nerves

46
Q

The gray matter has been divided into various nuclei or divisions as a result of:

A

cellular (cytoarchitecture) and connectional studies.

47
Q

One terminology uses Roman Numerals referred to as ________________. Another system names ______________________.

A

Lamina of Rexed

regions of the gray matter

48
Q

Name 6 regions of the gray matter:

A

1) Lissauer’s Tract (dorsolateral tract of Lissauer)
2) substantia gelatinosa
3) nucleus proprius
4) Dorsal nucleus of Clarke
5) intermediolateral cell column or lateral horn
6) ventral horn; location of the lower motor neurons

49
Q

The dorsal horn contains which two regions of gray matter?

A

substantia gelatinosa and nucleus proprius (among others)

50
Q

The substantia gelatinosa is in lamina _____.

A

II

51
Q

The nucleus proprius is in lamina _____.

A

III and IV

52
Q

the dorsal nucleus of Clarke is located in lamina _____ and segmental levels __________.

A

VII

T2-T12

53
Q

The intermediolateral cell column or lateral horn is in lamina ____ (in part) and segmental levels ______________________________.

A

IX

C8/T1-L2 and S1-3

54
Q

the ventral horn is locate in part in lamina ___

A

IX

55
Q

There is a ___________ organization of the fibers that enter the cord via the dorsal root.

A

medial to lateral

56
Q

When viewed from a transverse (horizontal) perspective, the more medially situated fibers are the __________________________________.

A

large diameter, heavily myelinated (Ia/b, A-α, ΙΙ) fibers

57
Q

The more laterally placed fibers are the __________________________ .

A

small diameter, non-myelinated C fibers.

58
Q

Fibers of intermediate caliber that are _____________________________.

A

finely myelinated lie intermediate in this organization (A-delta; A-δ).

59
Q

Which fiber types are the fibers that enter the cord at Lissauers tract.

A

A-delta

60
Q

The ventral horn contains the _______________ that will leave the spinal cord and____________. These are the ___________.

A

cell bodies with axons
innervate muscles
lower motor neurons

61
Q

What is the “Final Common Pathway” for information that is needed to make a muscle do its thing.

A

synapsing from ventral horn

62
Q

There are two types of lower motor neurons (LMN) within the ventral horn:

A

1) α motor neurons and

2) γ-motor neurons

63
Q

The cell bodies of these neurons are arranged within the ventral horn so that those situated most medially are concerned with :

A

axial musculature, i.e. trunk, neck, etc

*This cell column extends throughout the entire length of the cord

64
Q

The LMNs situated more laterally innervate:

A

The muscles of the extremities.

65
Q

Where would the largest ventral horns be located?

A

at cervical and lumbar regions, associated with brachial and lumbar plexuses ????

66
Q

LMNs situated posteriorly in the ventral horn are concerned with__________________, and those located anteriorly are concerned with ________________.

A

muscles of flexion

muscles of extension

67
Q

The merging of the dorsal and ventral roots away from the spinal cord forms the _________.

A

spinal nerve

68
Q

Prior to them merging, the dorsal root is _______ sensory and the ventral root is ______ motor.

A

entirely

entirely

69
Q

Once they have combined, the spinal nerve is a _____ nerve, i.e., has both motor and sensory components.

A

mixed

**This spinal nerve is a component of the peripheral nervous system.

70
Q

After the dorsal and ventral roots have combined, each spinal nerve then branches into a number of branches to :

A

reach its specific dermatomal segment or muscle of innervation

71
Q

Associated with the spinal nerves at spinal cord levels T1-L2 is a series of ___________________.

A

autonomic ganglia

72
Q

These autonomic ganglia are the location of the ___________________________________________.

A

postganglionic cell bodies for the sympathetic nervous system.

73
Q

The preganglionic cell bodies (of the autonomic ganglia?) are located in the :

A

lateral horn in the spinal cord (intermediolateral cell column).

74
Q

Reflexes are _____, ________________ responses to an adequate (appropriate) stimulus.

A

specific

stereotyped motor

75
Q

Reflexes require a series of structures consisting of a minimum of what 4 components:

A

1) receptor
2) afferent limb
3) efferent limb
4) effector organ
(**complex reflexes may contain more connections in the CNS):

76
Q

Examples of a receptor:

A

muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs, encapsulated and free nerve endings.

77
Q

An afferent limb carries the impulse (stimulus) into the:

A

CNS; i.e., dorsal root fibers.

78
Q

An efferent limb carries the impulse for the response:

A

out of the CNS; i.e., lower motor neuron (α-motor neuron).

79
Q

lower motor neurons are:

A

a-motor neurons

80
Q

An example of an effector organ would be:

A

skeletal muscle, glands.

81
Q

Stretch Reflex or Deep Tendon Reflex (DTR) used to be classified:

A

Myotatic or monosynaptic

82
Q

The patellar ligament or knee jerk is an example of what?

A

stretch reflex

83
Q

This stetch reflex demonstrates the principle of:

A

Autogenic Facilitation

84
Q

Autogenic Facilitation and can be thought to include a small amount of __________________.

A

Reciprocal Inhibition

85
Q

Any external force stretching the muscle excites the Type Ia axons, which excite the motor neuron pool, which oppose the external force by activating the muscle, this process is termed:

A

autogenic facilitation

86
Q

Whenever antagonist muscles are inhibited during the activation of agonist muscles, the process is called:

A

reciprocal inhibiton

87
Q

The Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO), is sensitive to tension when the associated muscle is _______.

A

contracting

88
Q

At a certain point of increased tension, during the GTO, the stimulus generates an inhibitory influence to the α motor neurons that are driving the contracting muscle, demonstrating the principle of:

A

Autogenic Inhibition

89
Q

During the GTO, autogenic inhibition, the muscle now can relax which ___________.

A

releases the tension

90
Q

Through the interneuronal pool, the antagonistic muscle can be activated to facilitate the release of tension, which is a process called:

A

Reciprocal Facilitation

91
Q

What reflex if more complex compared to the stretch reflex and GTO?

A

Flexor Withdrawal Reflex and Crossed Extension Reflex.

92
Q

Why are the Flexor Withdrawal Reflex and Crossed Extension Reflexes more complex?

A

more than just two neurons are involved.

93
Q

When more than just 2 neurons are involved, what must happen?

A

Reciprocal inhibition of antagonist or opposing muscle masses must occur.

94
Q

Reciprocal inhibition = ___________ muscle

A

antagonistic

95
Q

Recurrent inhibition = (Renshaw cells) =

A

same muscle and synergists

96
Q

Non- reciprocal inhibition =

A

inhibits agonists, synergists and antagonists (coordination of various movements)

97
Q

Segmental loss involves the structures that are:

A

present at the specific segmental level.

98
Q

Segmental loss includes the gray matter areas of the cord and to some extent the _________________________ that are bringing in sensory information and/or sending out motor information.

A

dorsal and ventral root components

99
Q

What segmental loss generally does not refer to is the additional:

A

involvement of ascending or descending white matter pathways that are also involved.

100
Q

In the real world, segmental losses will most likely include

A

some involvement of the white matter.

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