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704 > 3_Peripheral Nervous System and Sensory Receptors > Flashcards

3_Peripheral Nervous System and Sensory Receptors Flashcards

1
Q

What is sensation?

A

The process where sensory receptors receive information from both the internal and external environment and encode the information from transmission to various areas of the nervous system.

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2
Q

What is perception?

A

The process where the central nervous system receives and interprets the sensations based on present experiences; the present state of the internal and external environment, and memory of similar situations

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3
Q

Where does perception occur in various degrees of refinement?

A

Thalamus, basal ganglia, cerebellum and cortex

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4
Q

What is perception at the cortical level usually considered?

A

conscious perception

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5
Q

Unconscious perception is considered?

A

perception at the level of the cerebellum

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6
Q

The basal ganglia may be involved in unconscious representations of movement experiences, but also is involved with:

A

perception of inter- and intra-personal space

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7
Q

Without a cortex, perceptions are incomplete or skewed from the ___________________________________________.

A

normal which may include lack of localization, anesthesia or hyperesthesia, parasthesia.

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8
Q

What is sensory transduction?

A

changing the energy of a stimulus into a neural energy.

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9
Q

A stimulus energy can be ________, _________ and ____________.

A

mechanical, chemical and light

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10
Q

A stimulus energy produces a change in the receptor membrane such that a ________________________

A

a local potential difference occurs (in other words, NA+, K+ and CI- channels open to allow ion movement).

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11
Q

The local potential change is local and spreads _________________________.

A

only a few millimeters as it decays.

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12
Q

What is threshold for stimulation?

A

The amount of stimulus energy it takes to cause a local receptor potential and depends on the physical properties of the receptor itself.

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13
Q

What does it mean that some receptors have low thresholds?

A

it takes only a small stimulus to cause a local receptor potential.

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14
Q

Give an example of a receptor with a low threshold:

A

Meissner’s corpuscle - low frequency vibration

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15
Q

What does mean that some receptors have high thresholds?

A

it takes a larger stimulus to cause a local receptor potential.

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16
Q

Give an example of a receptor with a high threshold:

A

Ruffini endings - skin stretch, joint movement

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17
Q

What is the threshold for perception?

A

The lowest stimulus intensity necessary for perception of stimulus.

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18
Q

Threshold for perception is usually the same as the receptor threshold, however it may be modified by:

A

context and experience.

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19
Q

What is adaptation?

A

The duration for which the receptor potential is generated to the stimulus.

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20
Q

What determines adaptation?

A

The morphology of the receptor, e.g. Pacinian corpuscle receptor potential is rapidly adapting and thus a generator potential is only generated when the stimulus comes on or off.

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21
Q

Action potentials will only be generated at _______ and _______ of the stimulus

A

onset and offset

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22
Q

Ruffini corpuscles are slowly adapting and continue to signal ______________________.

A

throughout the duration of the stimulus.

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23
Q

How many types of stimuli are receptors specialized to respond to?

A

Receptors are specialized by their morphology to respond to only one type of stimulus.

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24
Q

What was the opposing theory about coding?

A

Patterns of stimuli similar to “Morse codes”, signaled they type of stimulus.

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25
Q

What is the intensity of a stimulus directly related to?

A

the size of the receptor potential and the # of receptors activated.

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26
Q

The intensity of a stimulus is transferred to the generation of an action potential and coded by ____________________ and _____________________.

A

the frequency of AP and the number of discharge fibers.

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27
Q

The stronger the stimulus =>

A

the greater the size of the receptor potentials (depolarization)

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28
Q

the greater the size of the receptor potentials (depolarization) =>

A

the greater the number of receptors being activated.

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29
Q

the greater the number of receptors being activated =>

A

the greater summation of the depolarizing events and thus the increased frequency of action potentials.

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30
Q

True of False: Only the frequency of the action potentials is changing, not the amplitude or the speed with which the action potentials are traveling.

A

True.

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31
Q

Location is understood as:

A

signaled by firing a specific group of neurons activated by the stimulus

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32
Q

Receptive fields are surrounding the receptor, then when stimulated ________________________________.

A

excites or inhibits the firing of a particular cell.

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33
Q

What anatomical structures/ regions have the smallest receptive fields?

A

The fingers and the tongue.

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34
Q

The fingers and tongue have the smallest receptors and receptive fields AND:

A

the largest number of receptive fields per area (these areas are the most sensitive in the parts of the body).

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35
Q

Moving proximally, receptive field size ________ and density of receptors _______, and sensitivity _______.

A

size increases
density decreases
sensitivity decreases

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36
Q

What are dermatomes?

A

Areas of the body surface contributing sensory input to one dorsal root.

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37
Q

Excitatory discharge is greatest at center of receptive field and is inhibitory at the periphery in :

A

Lateral inhibition.

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38
Q

What does lateral inhibition serve to do?

A

sharpen peak activity within the brain.

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39
Q

Where does lateral inhibition first occur? Where does it occur secondarily?

A

In dorsal column nuclei and then at subsequent synapses in the CNS

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40
Q

Other than the dorsal column nuclei, where else does lateral inhibition take place?

A

present in the visual system

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41
Q

Lateral inhibition serves to enhance distinction b/n 2 stimuli and:

A

aids in recognition of pattern and contour.

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42
Q

What will areas with the largest receptor density also hae?

A

The largest cortical receptive field.

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43
Q

True or false: There are no cells in the sensory cortex that respond to specific orientation, movement and shape of stimulus.

A

False, There ARE cells in the sensory cortex that respond to specific orientation, movement and shape of stimulus.

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44
Q

Exteroceptors are:

A

stimuli from the external EN

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45
Q

Proprioceptors are:

A

position of body segments relative to each other and position of body and head in space

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46
Q

Interoceptors are:

A

signal body events such as blood glucose level and blood pressure

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47
Q

Somatic sensory system includes what 6 categories?

A

1) tactile
2) joint
3) muscle
4) tendon
5) thermal
6) pain

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48
Q

When you turn your head, endolymph maintains its initial position while your head moves around it, effectively moving the endolymph backwards inside the canals –> bending cilia –> starting transduction. The above process occurs in the:

A

vestibular system

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49
Q

touch/pressure, proprioception, air wave are:

A

mechanoreceptors

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50
Q

taste, smell, blood gas level, are:

A

chemoreceptors

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51
Q

damaging stimuli (painful), are:

A

nociceptors

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52
Q

head and cold are:

A

thermoreceptors

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53
Q

light is a:

A

photoreceptor

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54
Q

Sensory Ia (A-a) fibers innvervate ______________ receptors.

A

primary afferents of muscle spindle

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55
Q

Sensory Ib (A-a) fibers innvervate ______________ receptors.

A

golgi tendon organ

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56
Q

Sensory II (A-B) fibers innvervate ______________ receptors.

A

Secondary afferents of muscle spindle, touch, pressure, and vibration

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57
Q

Sensory III (A-d) fibers innvervate ______________ receptors.

A

touch and pressure, pain and temperature

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58
Q

Sensory IV (C) fibers innvervate ______________ receptors.

A

pain and temperature, unmyelinated fibers

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59
Q

small diameter fibers are slower because they provide more resistance to flow of current and have less insulation from myelin; this describes?

A

conduction veloctiy

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60
Q

small diameter fibers have lower amplitude because potential change across the membrane is smaller. Can distinguish smaller diameter from large diameter fibers by size of EMG amplitude; this describes?

A

amplitude of action potential

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61
Q

small diameter fibers have a higher threshold “0” stimulation because they offer more resistance to current flow. C fibers will require higher intensity of e-stim to activate; this describes?

A

threshold for stimulus

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62
Q

Motor Alpha (Aa) fibers are:

A

motor neurons innervating extrafusal muscle fibers

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63
Q

Motor Gamma (Ay) fibers are:

A

Motor neuron innervating intrafusal muscle fiber

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64
Q

Motor Preganglionic ANS (B) fibers are:

A

lightly myelinated

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65
Q

Motor Preganglionic ANS (C) fibers are:

A

unmyelinated

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66
Q

Merkel’s disc fiber type:

A

slowly adapting, type I

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67
Q

Ruffini ending fiber type:

A

slowly adapting type II

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68
Q

Meissner’s corpuscle fiber type:

A

Rapidly adapting type I

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69
Q

Pacinian corpuscle fiber type:

A

rapidly adapting type II

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70
Q

Merkel’s stimulus:

A

deformation of skin

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71
Q

Ruffini stimulus:

A

skin stretch; joint movement

72
Q

Meissner’s stimulus:

A

rapid skin displacement

73
Q

Pacinian stimulus:

A

mechanical transients; vibration

74
Q

Merkel’s receptive field size:

A

small ; 1 F: 3-4 complexes

75
Q

Ruffini receptive field size:

A

larger; 1 F: 1R

76
Q

meissner’s receptive field size:

A

small; 1 F: 15-20 R

77
Q

Pacinian receptive field size:

A

large; 1F: 1 R

78
Q

Joint mechanoreceptors Type I structure:

A

Encapsulated, “ruffini-like”

79
Q

Joint mechanoreceptors Type II structure:

A

Encapsulated: “paciniform”

80
Q

Joint mechanoreceptors Type III structure:

A

Encapsulated: “GTO-like”

81
Q

Joint mechanoreceptors Type IV structure:

A

free nerve endings

82
Q

Joint mechanoreceptors Type I Location:

A

ligaments, joint capsule, proximal joints

83
Q

Joint mechanoreceptors Type II Location:

A

synovial junction of joint capsule, fat pads of joint, distal joints

84
Q

Joint mechanoreceptors Type III Location:

A

ligaments, all joints of the body

85
Q

Joint mechanoreceptors Type IV Location:

A

joint capsule, ligaments, periosteum, synovial lining, fat pads

86
Q

Joint mechanoreceptors Type I Response:

A

mechano / slow adapting / low threshold/ active during movement & rest

87
Q

Joint mechanoreceptors Type II Response:

A

mechano/ rapidly adapting, low threshold, active @ beginning and end of movement

88
Q

Joint mechanoreceptors Type III Response:

A

mechano/ slow adapting, high threshold, active @ extremes of range and with longitudinal traction

89
Q

Joint mechanoreceptors Type IV Response:

A

pain receptor, slow adapting, high threshold, active w/ extreme mechanical force or chemical irritation

90
Q

Joint mechanoreceptors Type I Function:

A

contributes to regulation of postural muscle tone, kinesthesia, regulation of muscle tone during movement

91
Q

Joint mechanoreceptors Type II Function:

A

provides information about beginning and end of joint movement, may help “boost” muscle tone at beginning of movement to overcome inertia

92
Q

Joint mechanoreceptors Type III Function:

A

responds to sudden joint movements and may cause reflex muscle contraction to limit further movement.

93
Q

Joint mechanoreceptors Type IV Function:

A

may contribute to a flexion reflex, or to a co-contraction pattern around a joint to prevent further movement

94
Q

What are muscle spindles?

A

specialized muscle fibers containing contractile elements.

95
Q

____________ encases specialized muscle fibers, that is anchored to the endomysium and perimysium that surrounds the fascicles of the muscle

A

a connective tissue sheath

96
Q

Contractile fibers within the specialized receptor are _________________.

A

intrafusual muscle fibers

97
Q

Extrafusal muscle fibers:

A

make up the bulk of the muscle

98
Q

Intrafusal and extrafusal muscle fibers both have:

A

a typical sacromere arrangement

99
Q

How many intrafusal muscle fibers are within each muscle spindle?

A

several

100
Q

Where are the contractile elements of the intrafusal fibers located?

A

@ the poles

101
Q

The fibers are multinucleated, with the nuclei located:

A

centrally

102
Q

The first nuclear arrangement of muscle fibers is clumped nuclei:

A

in the middle forming a “bag like” enlargement of the sarcolemma

103
Q

The second nuclear arrangement of muscle fibers is with linearly nuclei:

A

in a “chain-like” arrangement

104
Q

Do nuclear bag and nuclear chain filaments occur together within each muscle spindle?

A

yes

105
Q

how many sensory receptors does each filaments have?

A

at least 2

106
Q

Sensory receptors are located either ________________ around the nuclear groups or ______________ near the contractile elements

A

centrally

peripherally

107
Q

Primary receptors are

A

centrally located

108
Q

secondary receptors are

A

located peripherally

109
Q

What is the stimulus during stretch?

A

mechanical deformation of the afferent ending

110
Q

_______ endings are highly responsive to rate change of the muscle length, encoding the _________ of the stretch. These are referred to as _______________ .

A

PRIMARY endings are highly responsive to rate change of the muscle length, encoding the VELOCITY of the stretch. These are referred to as DYNAMIC OR PHASIC ending .

111
Q

Dynamic or phasic endings AKA:

A

annulospiral rings

112
Q

Some seconadry and primary ends responsive to muscle static length are called

A

static or tonic endings

113
Q

Theses static (seondary ?) ending AKA:

A

flower spray endings

114
Q

Information from primary endings is carried into the CNS by:

A

Ia fibers

115
Q

Information from secondary endings is carried by:

A

type II fibers

116
Q

Each fiber in the muscle spindle also receives an ending from a ____________ on each contractile component to control__________________________.

A

y motor neuron

the contraction of each spindle

117
Q

What does the activation of y motor neurons result in?

A

Contraction of intrafusal fibers.

118
Q

What is the contraction of intrafusal fibers used for?

A

to adjust the sensitivity of each receptor within the muscle spindle

119
Q

True or False: The adjustment of sensitivity of each receptor within the muscle spindle is the same for dynamic receptors and static receptors.

A

False: This adjustment is specific and separate to they dynamic receptors and to the static receptors.

120
Q

What is the purpose of muscle activation?

A

to prevent “unloading” of the receptor during extrafusal muscle contraction

121
Q

Motor activation to prevent unloading is accomplished by :

A

alpha-gamma coactivation

122
Q

Describe alpha-gamma coactivation:

A

at the time of a motor neuron firing, the appropriate y motor neurons are also activated

123
Q

What results from alpha-gamma coactivation?

A

muscle spindle adjustment that parallels the contraction of the extrafusal muscle fiber

124
Q

Stimulation of the y motor neurons can take place in situations other than alpha gamma coactivation, resulting in an:

A

increase in the sensitivity of both the primary and secondary endings.

125
Q

What influences this y motor neuron activation?

A

CNS pathways or cutaneous stimulation

126
Q

What does this y motor neuron activation allow for?

A

fine-tuning of the spindle as the difficulty of the motor task increases

127
Q

What are slender capsule encased receptors found at both the origin and insertion of skeletal muscle at the tendonous junction?

A

golgi tendon organs

128
Q

How many extrafusal fibers enter the capsule through a funnel like collar?

A

15-20

129
Q

Collagen fibers of the epimysium and perimysium of the muscle become braided with the collagen of the _____________.

A

receptor to the tendon

130
Q

In the Golgi tendon complex, the receptor is located at the end of the ____ nerve fibers and intertwines within the collagen of the receptor capsule.

A

Ib

131
Q

Contraction of the extrafusal fiber causes ________ on the collagen bundles

A

tension

132
Q

Tension on collagen bundles compresses the afferent nerve ending, activating a receptor potential, followed by _________________________.

A

generation of action potential if the stimulus is sufficient.

133
Q

The GTO is highly sensitive to __________________, and provides continuous feedback

A

small changes in muscle tension

134
Q

The GTO has a _______ threshold to tension (resisted muscle stretch) that plays a protective role by inhibiting:

A

HIGH

a motor neuron activation of the contracting muscle when extremes of range are reached i.e., autogenic inhibition.

135
Q

Thermal afferents encode:

A

temperature changes sensed by the skin.

136
Q

Normal skin temperature is

A

34oC

137
Q

What is the primary thermal receptor?

A

free nerve endings (located in the dermal layer of the skin).

138
Q

Thermal receptors re continuous with A-d and C fibers, the highest concentration:

A

located near the midline

139
Q

Cold afferents respond to temperature changes in the:

A

10-33oC range

140
Q

Cold travels over both:

A

A δ and C fibers.

141
Q

Heat afferents respond to temperature changes in the

A

32o-45o C range. (However, some can respond to temperatures > 45o C)

142
Q

Heat afferents are restricted to

A

C fibers

143
Q

Nociceptors (pain) occur in both:

A

the dermal layers of the skin as and many deep tissues including muscles and joints.

144
Q

The primary receptor for pain is:

A

a free nerve endings.

145
Q

The primary stimulus for nociceptors is: ________________.

Either by ____________ or ______________.

A

mechanical damage to tissue;

Either by temperature extremes or destruction of tissue (mechanical, chemical).

146
Q

Cutaneous Nociceptive Afferents are classified as:

A

A-delta (A-δ) mechanoreceptive nociceptors
A-δ mechanothermal nociceptors
or C-polymodal nociceptors.

147
Q

A-δ mechanoreceptive nociceptors are characterized by having a ______ threshold for stimulation with ______ receptive areas, (___% that lie within fascial planes.)

A

high
small
20%

148
Q

For A-δ mechanoreceptive nociceptors the primary stimulus is:

A

sharp pain allowing for discrimination between sharp and dull.

149
Q

A-δ mechanoreceptive nociceptors receptors are sensitized by:

A

intense heat that results in burn hyperalgesia.

150
Q

A-δ mechanothermal nociceptors are maximally responsive to temperatures between:

A

45o 53o C, but also respond to temperatures

151
Q

A-δ mechanothermal nociceptors are responsible for the first pain from ___________ stimuli as well as ___________ stimuli.

A

intense thermal stimuli

intense mechanical stimuli.

152
Q

C-polymodal nociceptors are the majority of cutaneous receptors (> 90%) and are:

A

free nerve endings.

153
Q

C-polymodal nociceptors are activated by thermal (___________), mechanical (_____) and chemical (________ release from tissue damage).

A

45o C
crush
histamine

154
Q

Muscle and Joint Nociceptive Afferents have both

A

A-δ and C fiber components.

155
Q

A-δ fiber components (in muscle and joint nociceptive affterents) are activated by:

A

muscle stretch or contraction – ergoreceptive.

156
Q

In muscle and joint nociceptive a fferents, C fibers are activated by:

A

intense mechanical or chemical stimuli – ischemic muscle pain.

157
Q

Joint receptors (both A-δ and C) are activated by intense ________ and ______, and are sensitized by _____________. This develops into a _________ background firing in the presence of inflammation.

A

pressure and movement
sensitized by inflammation
a high background

158
Q

Visceral Nociceptive Afferents are:

A

C fibers similar to C polymodal nociceptors.

159
Q

Visceral nociceptive affterents relay poorly localized and _______ information. Stimulated by ________________________________.

A

referred

twisting, distention and or/inflammation

160
Q

What are they two types of hairs cells?

A

Stereocilia and kinocilia

161
Q

Where do hair cells exist?

A

vestibular apparatus.

162
Q

How are hair cells activated?

A

by acceleration of the head by a mechanism known as mechanoelectrical transduction. (This is basically a mechanical deflection of stereocilia and kinocilia.)

163
Q

Stereocilia and Kinocilia are a _________ model.

A

gated spring

164
Q

The cilia are anchored together by a __________________ that is attached to (or near) leaky ____ and ____ channels, NOT ____.

A

protein link
leaky K+ and Ca++
NOT Na+

165
Q

Upon deflection, the channels are modified (opened or closed) to increase or decrease the _________________. This mechanical deflection results in an increase or decrease______________________ onto the ________________________.

A

influx of ions. increase or decrease in the release of neurotransmitter (glutamate?)
1st order neuron

166
Q

The structure of the receptor apparatus for the vestibular system include the:

A

ampulla of the semicircular canals and macula of the saccule and utricle.

167
Q

The receptor apparatus (ampulla or macula) is bathed in ____________, a fluid high in___.

A

endolymph

K+

168
Q

Inertial movement of the endolymph results in a corresponding movement of the: ________ in relation to the _______ resulting in an opening or closing of the ___________.

A

stereocilia
kinocilia
leaky channels.

169
Q

What are two types of photoreceptors:

A

rods and cones.

170
Q

The rods are:

A

more active at times of low light and are located at the periphery of the retina.

171
Q

The cones are:

A

most active in bright light and are located in the foveal (central) region of the retina.

172
Q

Photoreceptors are are leaky, similar to hair cells of the vestibular system, resulting in:

A

a continual release of neurotransmitter.

173
Q

When the receptor is activated by light, it becomes ___________ and results in a ________ in neurotransmitter release.

A

hyperpolarized

decreae

174
Q

What is the output of the retina?

A

ganglion cell

175
Q

Prior to the ganglion cell being activated, a great deal of integration takes place by multiple synapses through _____________, ______________, and ________________.

A

bipolar cells, horizontal cells and amacrine cells

176
Q

The end result of the integration prior to ganglion cells being activated, is that receptive fields (RF) are defined for ganglion cells with _______ RFs representing __________ vision and _________ more precise RFs representing ___________. This corresponds with the distribution of rods and cones respectively.

A

large
peripheral
smaller
central vison

177
Q

Surround Inhibition and Lateral Inhibition are demonstrated using:

A

central vision and the activation of cones.

704 (22 decks)

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