4_Neurotransmitters

Question 1

What are the two type of receptors for glutamate?

Answer 1

Ionotropic and metatropic

Question 2

change (cellular activity –>lasting change) in physiology of a cell to influence enzymes leads to :

Answer 2

long lasting genetic change (2nd messenger system)

Question 3

Receptor (generator) potential and postsynaptic potentials are both graded changes of membrane excitability that:

Answer 3

decay away from the site of stimulation

Question 4

Membrane potential must be at some threshold level at the critical point of the axon (___________) that contains ________________.

Answer 4

(axon hillock)

the voltage-gated channels

Question 5

If threshold depolarization is not achieved at this point :

Answer 5

no action potential is initiated

Question 6

What are the two types of neurotransmitter mechanisms?

Answer 6

Ionotropic and metabotropic

Question 7

receptors are located with actual ion channel =

Answer 7

ionotoropic

Question 8

receptors are located at some point on the membrane but activate an ion channel some distance away via a second messenger system (g-protein coupled receptors):

Answer 8

metabotropic

Question 9

Metabotropic receptors require some ____________________ that may be long acting via changes in enzyme/protein expression

Answer 9

internal cellular mechanism (proteins and enzymes)

Question 10

Name 3 fast ionotropic excitatory neurotransmitters:

Answer 10

1) ACh
2) glutamate
3) epinephrine

Question 11

Name 2 fast ionotropic inhibitory neurotransmitters:

Answer 11

1) GABA

2) glycine

Question 12

What are neuropeptides?

Answer 12

more complex AA petides from small to large; these are all metabotropic

Question 13

Name 3 neuropeptides

Answer 13

1) enkephalin
2) calcium binding protein
3) substance P

Question 14

What are 3 non-traditional neurotransmitters:

Answer 14

1)nitric oxide

2 & 3)eiconasoids - prostalgandins & cannabinoids)

Question 15

What do non-traditional neurotransmitters do?

Answer 15

affect adjacent cells

Question 16

What are neurotransmitters co-localized with?

Answer 16

Neuropeptides in axonal terminals

Question 17

GABA has been found to be co-localized with:

Answer 17

various classes of calcium binding proteins that are specific to different structures/ regions of the brain

Question 18

GABA co-localized with calbindin is in the:

Answer 18

frontal brain

Question 19

GABA co-localized with parvalbumin is in the:

Answer 19

occipital lobe

Question 20

Exact function of co-localization is not clear, but some indication is that the peptide acts as a neurotransmitter by __________________________, as well as prolonging membrane activity.

Answer 20

modifying the activity of the cell during neurotransmission

Question 21

It is actually the post-synaptic receptor that _______________ (excitatory vs. inhibitory) of the neurotransmitter, i.e. what kind of ion channel is the receptor located on: Acetylcholine (nicotinic) with __________, GABA and glycine with_________.

Answer 21

determines the action
Na+ channels
Cl- channels.

Question 22

True or False: While fast neurotransmitters are associated with ionotropic receptors, they also act on metabotropic receptors.

Answer 22

True

Question 23

NOTE: There is some confusion in the text that implies that fast neurotransmitters are always associated with ionotropic receptors, yet the catecholamines act only through metabotropic receptors.

Answer 23

NOTE: There is some confusion in the text that implies that fast neurotransmitters are always associated with ionotropic receptors, yet the catecholamines act only through metabotropic receptors.