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infection > diarrhoea infections/ incubation time > Flashcards

diarrhoea infections/ incubation time Flashcards

1
Q

pathogens that cause watery diarrhoea from releasing a toxin that enhances water and electrolyte secretion by enterocytes

A 
o	Vibrio cholerae
o	Enterotoxigenic E.coli
o	Clostridium perfringens
o	Staph aureus
o	Bacillus cereus
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2
Q

pathogens that destroy enterocytes causing diarrhoea with mucous/ blood pus fever and abdo cramps

A

o Shigella sp.
o Enterohaemorrhagic E.coli eg E.coli 0157
o Entamoeba histolytica

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3
Q

pathogens that disseminate beyong the GI tract causing fever and bacteraemia

A

salmonella

campylobacter and yersinia

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4
Q

how do pathogens disseminate from the gi tract

A

o Enterocytes invaded, multiplication in the macrophages/ mesenteric lymph nodes

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5
Q

4 patterns assoc. with diarrhoea infections

A
  • Gastroenteritis like: diarrhoea and vomiting (fever)
  • Diarrhoea with blood (+/- severe abdo pain)
  • Dysentery: blood, pus, diarrhoea with mucous (fever) infection of the intestines resulting in severe diarrhoea with the presence of blood and mucus in the faeces.
  • Watery “cholera like”: usually no fever
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6
Q

infective diarrhoea dx

A

> 3 stools a day

consider non infectious causes and diarrhoea causes outwith gi tract

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7
Q

causes of diarrhoea outwith gi tract

A
  • septicaemia
  • pyelonephritis
  • legionellosis
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8
Q 
campylobacter jejuni
-found in
-incubation
stymptoms 
complications
A 
o	Undercooked poultry 
o	Incubation period 1-3 days
o	Bloody stools, abdominal cramps, fever
o	Complication
	Bacteraemia
	Guillain- barre syndrome
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9
Q 
non-typhoidal salmonella
found in 
incubation
symptoms 
complications
A 
o	Eggs (imported)/ poultry/ meats/ pets
o	Incubation period: 6-72 hours
o	D&V, high fever (no blood)
o	Complications
	Bacteraemia
	Aortitis
	Osteomyelitis
	Meningitis
	Splenic cyst 
o	Typhoid usually presents with fever and constipation
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10
Q

what pathogen causes typhoid

A

salmonella typhi

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11
Q

what does vtec stand for

A

verocytotoxigenic E.coli

e.coli o157 and non-0157

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12
Q 
vtec 
-reservoir
symptoms
diagnosis
treatment
A

o Cattle and animals are reservoir
o Food eg (minced beef, raw vegetables, imported salad items, contaminated water, environment)
o Diarrhoea frequent, initially non bloody then bloody
o Haemolytic uraemic syndrome in 10-15%, usually aged <16 or >60
o Dx: culture or molecular tests (PCR)
o VTEC symptoms before HUS develops
 81% diarrhoea
 74% bloody diarrhoea
 60% vomiting
 56% abdo pain
 23% fever
 7% neurological
 3% cardiomyopathy
treatment
-dont give antibiotics or anti motility drugs

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13
Q

4 types of shigella

A
  • Shigella sonnei
  • Shigella flexneri
  • Shigella dysenteriae
  • Shigella boydii
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14
Q

shigella

  • symptoms
  • who it affects and pathogens
  • resistance to
  • treatment
A
  • Low infectious dose
  • Causes dysentery and bloody diarrhoea
  • Travellers eg returning from India/ Pakistan
  • Other risk groups
    o Young children
    o Gay men=shigella flexneri
  • Fever/ vomiting/ abdo pain
  • Increasing resistance to antibiotics especially ampicillin and cotrimoxazole
  • Cephalosporins/ ciprofloxacin/ axithromycin active
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15
Q

what is the leading cause of bacterial diarrheas in tropical areas and travellers

A

entero-toxigenic E.coli

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16
Q

symptoms of entero-toxigenic e.coli

A

watery diarrhoea
vomiting
abdo cramps
mild or no fever

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17
Q

s. aureus
- incubation time
- transmission
- symptoms

A
  • short incubation<4hrs
  • asymptomatic carrier or a skin lesion
  • contaminated ready to eat food
  • vomiting and diarrhoea but no fever
18
Q

bacillus cereus

  • symptoms
  • incubation
  • reservoir
  • how long incubation
A

-emetic and diarrhoeal
-watery diarrhoea
-presents in food and multiplies quickly if left at room temperature especially rice
self-limiting 24hrs

19
Q

clostridium perfringens

  • incubation
  • symptoms
  • reversvoir
A
  • toxin generated in the gut after ingestion
  • 6-24hrs
  • abdo cramps, diarrhoea, no vomiting
  • contaminated foods so usually seen in clusters eg one school
20
Q

vibrio cholera

  • type of bacteria
  • where is it found
  • reservoir
  • which strain causes gastroenteritis rather than cholera
A
  • gram negative bacilli
  • india, central america, africa
  • people and aquatic sources
  • non-O1 strains cause gastroenteritis
21
Q

clinical presentation of cholera and treatment

A

-diarrhoea
-watery diarrhoea
-dehydration
treatment
-tetracyclines
-rehydration

22
Q

2 types of viral diarrhoea

A
  • children-> rotavirus

- adult and children->norovirus

23
Q

how are amoebiasis transmitted

A

orofaecal infections: cysts are eliminated in stools->ingested->trophozoites that invade the mucosal lining

24
Q

presentation of amoebiasis

A
  • asymptomatic 80%
  • lose stools and abdo cramps
  • +++blood stools and abdo cramps
  • no fever-> colitis
25
Q

amoebiasis extradigestive infections

A

-liver
-fever, enlarged liver
multiple abscess

26
Q

pathogens causing amoebiasis diarrhoea infections

A

entamoeba histolytica a protozoan parasite

27
Q

dx of amoebiasis

A
  • stoool sample for colitis
  • serology for liver disease
  • false negatives <7 days of fever
28
Q

cryptosporidiosis

  • type of human infections 2
  • reservoir
  • symptoms
  • duration
A
  • Protozoal parasite
  • Cryptosporidium hominis and cryptosporidium parvum causes human infections
  • Resistant to chlorine and acquired from swimming pools/ contaminated water/ contact with lambs or calves
  • Often children age 1-5, vet students
  • Watery diarrhoea, stomach cramps
  • Duration usually 1-2 weeks but may have relapse before finally resolving, up to 30 days
29
Q

Giardiasis symptoms and treatment

A
  • Stomach cramps
  • Abdominal cramps
  • Diarrhoea
  • Asymptomatic
  • Examination of the stool for parasites
  • Treatment
    o Metronidazole or albendazole
30
Q

campylobacter incubation period

A

1-3 days

31
Q

non-typhoidal salmonella incubation period

A

6-72 hours

32
Q

how long does enterotoxigenic e.coli take to resolve

A

resolves in 2-4 days

33
Q

staph aureus length of incubation

A

<4hours

34
Q

incubation time for clostridium perfringens

A

6-24 hours

35
Q

how long does bacillus cereus take to resolve

A

24hours

36
Q

how long does cryptosporiadsis take to resolve

A

1-2 weeks

37
Q

e.coli incubation period

A

3-4 days

38
Q

shigella incubation period

A

1-3 days

39
Q

entamoeba histolytica incubation period

A

2-4 weeks

40
Q

cholera incubation period

A

2-3 days

41
Q

rotavirus incubation period

A

2 days

infection (15 decks)

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