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infection > bacteriology > Flashcards

bacteriology Flashcards

1
Q

gram positive vs gram negative and what colour are they both in a gram stain

A

gram negative

  • has thin peptidoglycan
  • has lipopolysaccharide
  • so stains pink
  • mostly resistant to penicillins and vancomycin

gram positive

  • retains blue black
  • thick peptidoglycans
  • some have spores
  • mostly sensitive to penicillin and vancomycin
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2
Q

s.aureus type of bacteria

A

gram positive staphylococcus coagulase negative

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3
Q

how are s.a infections normally found

A
  • pus forming
  • blood stream
  • often device related
  • toxin illness
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4
Q

what are the coagulase negative staph

A

s.epidermidis and s.capitis normally only pathogenic in foreign body

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5
Q

3 types of gram positive coccus

A
  • staphylococcus
  • streptococcus
  • enterococcus
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6
Q

what colour are the two beta haemolysis of strep

A

alpha= green

beta=gold

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7
Q

what is beta haemolysis group a strep

A

strep.pyogenes
-tonsilitis
strep throat
cellulitis
severe soft tissue infection
-puerpal sepsis

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8
Q

what is beta haemolysis group b strep

A
  • strep.agalactiae
  • normal rectal and vaginal flora
  • neonatal meningitis, bacteraemia, pneumonia
  • immunocompromised adults
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9
Q

2 main types of alpha haemolysis

A

strep.pneumoniae

virirdans

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10
Q

strep pneumoniae what does it cause

A
  • CAP
  • meningitis
  • bronchitis in COPD
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11
Q

what are the viridans strep

A

-commensal or mucosal flora that stick to things eg heart valves causing endocarditis

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12
Q

what are the enterococci bacteria found and hwere

A
  • in the gut

- involved in intra-abdominal sepsis, UTI and bacteraemia

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13
Q

what does VRE stand for

A

vancomycin resistant enterococci

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14
Q

3 gram positive bacilli

A
  • bacillus
  • corynebacterium
  • listeria
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15
Q

reservoir for anthracis and what they cause and transmission

A
  • reservoir of soil and domestic antimals herbivores eg cows
  • human infected by cutaneous inoculation IVDU or inhalation
  • cause anthrax disease= get small blisters and fever, chest pain
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16
Q

corynebacterium diptheriae

  • transmission
  • pathology
  • prevention
A
  • spread person to person by respiratory droplets
  • bacteria in pseudomembrane in throat: potential suffocation
  • diptheria toxin produced in throat, via bloodstream then inhibits protein synthesis in heart (cardiac failure) and peripheral nerve
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17
Q

what do listeria monocytes do and where are they found

A

-intrauterine/ neonatal septicaemia/ meningitis
risk in pregnancy from foods like
-soft cheese
-coleslaw

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18
Q

gram positive anaerobes 4 types

A
  • coccus

- bacillus: clostridia

19
Q

4 main types of clostridia

A
  • clostridium tetani
  • clostridium botulinum
  • clostridium difficile
  • clostridium perfringens
20
Q

clostridium tetani

  • transmission
  • pathology
  • symptoms
  • prevention
A

-transmission: spores ubiquitous in soil, soil then contaminates
-toxin mediated neuro-toxin causes excitation of motor neurones by blocking release of inhibitor GABA
SYMPTOMS: spasm, rigidity
prevention: vaccine

21
Q

clostridium botulinum

  • reservoir
  • pathology
  • symptoms
  • prevention
A
  • reservoir: food borne as germinates in soil
  • toxin: neuro-toxin prevents release of acetylcholine
  • symptoms: symmetrical flaccid paralysis
  • prevention: standards of food prep
22
Q

clostridium difficile

-transmission

A

ingestion in spores

from soil

23
Q

clostridium perfringens
-infections
transmission
pathology -main toxin

A
  • gas gangrene and other ssti
    transmission: sores in soil to human gut
  • toxin mediated disease: main toxin is alpha toxin- lecithinase so damages cell membrane including haemolysis
24
Q

what are the gram negative aerobic cocci

A

neisseria gonorrhoea
neisseria meningitidis
moraxellla cattharalis
other(commensal) neisseria in mouth

25
Q

what is a coliform

A

also called the enterobacteriaceae

  • bacteria that are rod shaped gram negative non-spore forming which can ferment lactulose eg
  • e.coli
  • klebsiella
  • salmonella
26
Q

what is the commonest aerobic GNB in the gut

A

e.coli

27
Q

what is the VTEC strain of e.coli

A

e.coli 0157 causes haemorrhage can lead to HUS haemorrhagic uraemic syndrome

28
Q

what are the main causes of UTI

A

e.coli

klebsiella

29
Q

reservoir shigella

A

humans only

30
Q

reservoir salmonella

A

multiple species whose host include all mammals, birds and reptiles
-faeces spread in humans in water

31
Q

pseudomonas aeruginosa reservoir
-pathology
and who it affects most

A
  • environment especially water
  • human respiratory pathogen where biolfilms important
  • immunocompromised eg CF, long term lung conditions
  • common coloniser eg leg ulcers
32
Q

burkholderia cepacia

  • reservoir
  • who it affects
A
  • reservoir soils and plants

- now a pathogen in CF

33
Q

vibrio cholerae

  • reservoir
  • toxin pathology
  • pathology
  • treatment
A

reservoir: warm salt water and spread by faeces
- toxin mediated disease: increased cAMP in cells, decrease in Na uptake and increased Cl secretion
- massive water loss and rice water stools
- electrolyte problem

34
Q

what is the commonest bacterial cause of gastroenteritis in the UK

A

-campylobacter found in birds

35
Q

what does h.influenzae cause 2 types

A
  • unencapsulated strains are common cause respiratory tract infections
  • capsulated serotype b causes meningitis in young children
36
Q

what does leigonella cause and where is its reservoir

A
  • causes severe pneumonia

- lives in natural and engineered water systems inside amoebae

37
Q

what does helicobacter produce

A

urease breaks down urea to ammonia to buffer stomach conditions

38
Q

what do bacteroides cause

A

assoc. to intrabdominal and ssti infections

resistant to penicillin

39
Q

what do fusobacterium cause

A
  • head and neck infections including brain abscesses
  • mixed intra-abdominal infection
  • perirectal abscess
40
Q

3 small bacteria

A
  • chlamydia
  • mycoplasma pneumoniae
  • rickettsia
41
Q

how are the small bacteria different to other bacteria

A

smaller
dont grown on agar plate
lack normal cell wall

42
Q

what is rickettsia and what cells does it like

A

obligate intracellular parasites

likes endothelial cells with skin lesions and vasculitis

43
Q

what does chlamydia trachoma cause

A

chronic eye infection

44
Q

what does chlamydophila pneum and chlamydophila psittaci cause

A

both cause pneumonia

psittaci in birds

infection (15 decks)

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