Diagnostic Test Flashcards
What anatomical feature does a chest x-ray assess?
The anatomical and appearance of the lungs
What type of radiation is used in a chest x-ray?
Low beam radiation
Can pregnant women undergo a chest x-ray?
Yes, but only if they wear ‘lead aprons’
What should be assessed on a pregnant woman before a chest x-ray?
LMP, sexual history, marital status, and occupation
What is another name for the Mantoux test?
Purified Protein Derivative (PPD)
What is the purpose of the Mantoux test?
Screening test for TB exposure
When should a patient return after a Mantoux test?
After 48-72 hours
Why should a patient return after a Mantoux test?
For the interpretation of the results
What classification indicates a patient is considered normal?
Normal Individual
What classification indicates a patient is suffering from high blood pressure?
Hypertensive
What is the classification for a patient with high blood sugar levels?
Diabetes Melitus
What chronic illness is characterized by obstructed airflow from the lungs?
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases
What condition is characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways?
Asthma
What classification indicates a patient has impaired kidney function?
Chronic Kidney Disease
What is the PPD result threshold for a negative test?
<10mm - negative
What is the PPD result threshold for a positive test?
> 10mm - positive
What classification is given to individuals with compromised immune systems?
Immunocompromised Individual
What virus is associated with the classification of immunocompromised individuals?
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
What syndrome is associated with HIV?
Acquired immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
What disease classification may involve cancer?
Cancer
What is the PPD result threshold for a negative test in immunocompromised individuals?
<5mm - negative
What is the PPD result threshold for a positive test in immunocompromised individuals?
> 5mm - positive
What does a positive PPD indicate?
(+) PPD
What imaging is used to assess the extent of lesions in TB?
CXR
What are the confirmatory tests for tuberculosis?
- Sputum Exam
- TB QuantiFERON gold test (blood)
What should be done if the PPD test is negative?
Continue to monitor signs and symptoms
What is the purpose of a sputum exam?
To analyze respiratory secretions
What is the recommended time to collect a sputum sample?
Early in the morning (5-6 am)
What is the recommended amount of sputum to collect?
10-15ml (1 spoonful)
What should be done before collecting a sputum sample?
Don’t do oral care, only rinse with water
What is the viability time for a sputum sample?
<30 minutes, properly stored
What is the purpose of bronchoscopy?
- Visualization
- Bronchial washing
- Bronchial suctioning
- Collection of tissue sample
What is required before performing a bronchoscopy?
- Consent + money
- Baseline vital signs for comparison
- Fasting or NPO for 4-6 hours
What type of equipment is needed for emergency procedures?
Emergency Equipment
What is essential to have on hand during emergency procedures?
Emergency Medications
What is a tracheostomy set used for?
Emergency airway
A tracheostomy set is essential in emergency situations to secure an airway.
What are common emergency medications?
- Epinephrine
- Muscle Relaxant
- Bronchodilator
- Steroids
Epinephrine is frequently highlighted in board exams.
What is the NPO requirement for procedures?
4-6 hours
NPO stands for ‘nil per os’, meaning nothing by mouth.
What is the NPO requirement for surgery?
Minimum of 8 hours
This is to ensure an empty stomach before anesthesia.
What should be assessed after a procedure?
Respiratory status
Monitoring respiratory status is crucial for patient safety.
What is the positioning for uncomplicated cases?
Semi-fowler’s position
This position helps in reducing laryngeal edema.
What is the positioning for complicated cases?
Side lying position
This position is important for patients at risk of aspiration.
What are the complications associated with airway management?
- Bleeding: bright red sputum, frequent swallowing
- Laryngospasm: most fatal; complete obstruction of airway
These complications require immediate medical intervention.
What is thoracentesis used for?
Removal of pleural fluid
This procedure alleviates pressure on the lungs.
What is the best position for thoracentesis?
Orthopneic position
This position allows for maximum lung expansion.
What does ‘A’ signify in patient transfer ability during thoracentesis?
Can transfer from bed to chair, can sit
Mild signs and symptoms are observed in this category.
What does ‘B’ signify in patient transfer ability during thoracentesis?
Patient is not able to transfer but can sit
This category presents mild to moderate signs and symptoms.
What does ‘C’ signify in patient transfer ability during thoracentesis?
Patient is not able to transfer and sit
This situation indicates moderate to severe signs and symptoms.
What is the recommended positioning after thoracentesis?
Unaffected side for lung expansion
This positioning helps in promoting lung recovery.
What is the head of bed angle recommended after thoracentesis?
30-45 degrees
This angle assists in optimal lung expansion post-procedure.
