Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Semester 3 > Diagnosis / Investigations > Flashcards

Diagnosis / Investigations Flashcards

1
Q

What investigations do you do for MS

A

Full blood count, check inflammatory markers, urea & electrolytes, liver function, TFT (thyroid function), calcium and B12 levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How to check for MS (diagnostic tests) and their positive results

A

MRI scan shows white spot (plaques) (scarring)

Evoked potentials show delayed latency in brain response (because of demyelination)

Check oligoclonal bands in CSF and blood serum taken from lumbar puncture and blood test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Diagnostic criteria for MS

A

Dissemination in space (more than one area of CNS affected)

Dissemination in time (damage has occurred at more than one time)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is DSM-5 used to diagnosis

A

Schizophrenia, depression and GAD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 5 symptoms of DSM-5 and which 3 do you need atleast one of for a schizophrenia diagnosis

A

3 that are needed : delusions, Hallucinations and disorganized speech

Other two: disorganized/catatonic behaviour and negative symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

3 conditions for DSM-5 diagnosis of schizophrenia

A

3 of the 5 symptoms, ongoing for atleast 6 months and not attributable to another condition like substance abuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Bipolar type 1 diagnosis

A

Atleast one mania episode that lasts 7 days or severe enough to cause hospitalisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Bipolar type 2

A

Atleast 1 hypomanic episode for atleast 4 days and one or more major depressive episode

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the FAST campaign

A

Campaign launched in 2009
F: Face (drooped on one side)
A: Arms (can they raise both arms and keep them there?)
S: Speech (slurred speech)
T: Time (call 911 if you see a single one of these signs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

First investigation for potential stroke patient

A

CT scan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hypodense areas indicate?

A

Ischemic attack caused cytotoxic oedma (hypodense because its water)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Tests to do for stroke patients and why

A

Serum glucose: hypoglycemia can mimic stroke symptoms, hyperglycemia is associated with intracerebral bleeding

ECG - rule out arrhythmia and heart failure

Troponin - rule out myocardial ischaemia

Electrolyte - disturbances can cause mimics

Renal function - can contraindicate some mediations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

3 symptoms needed for TACS (total anterior circulation stroke)

A

Unilateral weakness (and/or sensory deficit)
Homonymous heminopia
Higher cerebral dysfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How to classify patient as having PACS (partial anterior circulatory stroke)

A

2 of the following:
- Unilateral weakness (and/or sensory deficit)
- Homonymous heminopia

Or just higher cerebral dysfunction (language, perception, memory, attention and problem solving)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Symptoms needed for POCS (posterior circulation syndrome) diagnosis

A

One of the following:
- Cranial nerve palsy and contralateral motor/sensory deficit
- Bilateral motor/sensory deficit
- conjugate eye movement disorder
- cerebellar dysfunction (vertigo, nystagmus or ataxia)
- isolated Homonymous heminopia (just that no other symptoms)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

symptoms needed for LACS diagnosis

A

One of the following symptoms:
- pure sensory stroke
- pure motor stroke
- sensori-motor stroke
- Ataxic hemiparesis - combination of ataxia and hemiparesis (weakness of one side of body)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

3 types of intracerebral haemorrahage/haematoma

A

Subdural or extradural haematoma,

subarachnoid or intraventricular haemorrahge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Presentation of subarachnoid haemorrahage

A

Thunderclap headache, peaks within 1-5 mins, vomiting, photophobia, neck stiffness, muscle aches, potentially decreased consciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What happens if CT for subarachnoid haemorrahage after 6 hours is inconclusive

A

Wait atleast 12 hours then do lumbar puncture, RBC breaks down into bilirubin which is a marker test for SA haemorrahage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Acronym for DSM-5 diagnosis of depression and what they stand for

A

S - Sleep disturbance
I - Interest loss (anhedonia)
G - Guilt or worthlessness
E - Energy loss
C - Concentration problems
A - Appetite changes
P - Psychomotor retardation/agitation
S - Suicidal thoughts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What must be present for a DSM-5 diagnosis of major depression

A

5 or more out of the SIGECAPS symptoms must be present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning. Atleast one of the symptoms has to be depressed mood or anhedonia. And not better explained by substance abuse or side effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

3 levels of severity of DSM-5 diagnosis of depression

A

Mild, moderate and severe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe mild depression (DSM-5)

A

Few if any symptoms numbered more than what is required for diagnosis (so they have 5 or 6 symptoms of SIGECAPS), intensity is distressing but manageable and only result in minor functional impairement

24
Q

Severe depression (DSM-5)

A

Symptoms numbered substantially more than what is required for diagnosis (so they have 7 or 8 symptoms of SIGECAPS), intensity is seriously distressing and unmanageable and only result in major functional impairement

25
Moderate depression (DSM-5)
Symptoms are between mild and severe depression
26
Definition of persistent depressive disorder
Depressed mood for more days than not in a year that lasts for atleast 2 years, and patient has never been without symptoms for more than 2 months at a time
27
Treatment resistant depression
Failure to respond to atleast two antidepressant drugs of different classes taken at adequate doses for atleast 4 weeks
28
Tools to aid diagnosis of depression
PHQ-2, PHQ-9 and Edinburgh postnatal depression scale
29
Two questions asked in the PHQ-2 (patient health questionnaire) and what happens if there is a positive answer to one or more of the questions
- “over the past 2 weeks have you felt down, depressed or hopeless?” - “over the past 2 weeks have you felt little intrest or pleasure in doing things?” If yes to any then move to PHQ-9 (These two questions ask about the two needed symptoms for depression diagnosis (anhedonia and depressed mood))
30
Mnemonic for DSM-5 diagnosis of GAD
RIFDIM R - restlessness I - irritability F - fatigue D - difficulty concentrating I - insomnia M - Muscle tension
31
What criteria is needed for a DSM-5 diagnosis of GAD
- Excessive anxiety and worry occurring more days than not for atleast 6 months - individuals find it difficult to control worry - 3 or more of the 6 symptoms RIFDIM - the anxiety, worry or physical symptoms can cause social or occupational dysfunction - not to do with a substance or other medical condition - not better explained by another mental disorder
32
Screening tools to help diagnosis GAD
GAD-2 and GAD-7
33
What are the two GAD-2 questions
Over the last two weeks how often have you felt bothered by the following: - Feeling nervous anxious or on-edge? - Not being able to stop or control worrying
34
How does a snellen chart work
Ask a person to stand 6 meters away from chart and read letters going down, a result like 6/6 means they have perfect vision. The numerator is how far they are standing from the snellen chart, the denominator is the distance a normal person would be able to see those letters in. E.g if you have a score of 6/12 that means you are standing 6 meters but can only see what a person at 12 meters would be able to see
35
Describe rinner’s test
A struck turning fork placed on mastoid bone first and asked when sound is no longer heard then you take it out and place it next to ear and asked when sound stops.
36
Describe webers test
Struck tuning fork placed in middle of forehead and asked which ear hears it louder or if it’s heard the same in both ears
37
Describe results of Rinnes and Weber test for conductive hearing loss
Conductive hearing loss means there’s some sort of mechanical blocking in the external or middle ear. That means for Rinnes test you have bone conduction > air conduction (Rinnes negative result) And for the webers test you should have sound be louder in affected ear (sound lateralises to affected ear”
38
Describe Rinne’s and Webers results for sensorineural hearing loss
In sensorineural hearing loss the inner ear or auditory nerve is damaged which affects overall sensitivity to sound This mean in Rinne’s test you have Air conduction > Bone conduction (Rinne’s positive result) just like in a normal ear but it’s just diminished In Webers test because the problem is sensorineural the sound will be heard lounder in the unaffected ear (sound lateralisation to the unaffected ear)
39
Diagnosis for Parkinson’s
- Bradykinesia + tremor and / or rigidity - absence of red flags (signs that show it’s not Parkinson’s) - clear response to dopaminergic therapy - levadopa-induced dyskinesia - resting tremor - olfactory loss
40
Red flags that indicate a condition is not likely Parkinson’s
- symmetrical onset (Parkinson’s is usually asymmetrical) - early hair abnormality and falls - poor levadopa response - early dementia - ataxia and apraxia
41
What is SIGECAPS mnemonic for
DSM-5 symptoms for depression
42
What is DIG FAST mnemonic for
Bipolar disorder / they are the mania symptoms
43
What is RIFDIM a mnemonic for?
DSM-5 symptoms of GAD
44
Investigations for Alzheimer’s disease
-MRI -FDG-PET scan (measures glucose in certain areas of the brain), in AD patients this test shows decreased glucose metabolism in certain areas - Amyloid-PET scan - CSF (lumbar puncture) to test for beta amyloid and tau (phospho-tau specifically)
45
Memantine
NMDA receptor antagonist used to help slow down progression of Alzheimer’s
46
What is the DAS 28, its components and what is it used for
DAS28 is used to assess how active Rheumatoid arthritis is, - it looks at 28 joins which are the 10 PIP, 10 MCP, 2, shoulder, elbows, wrists and knees and measure from 1-10 or (1-100) the tenderness and swelling - asks the patient how they feel from 1-100 - take a blood test and look for ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) and CRP c-reactive protein) - put that all in the DAS28 calculator
47
What are the margins and what they mean for results of the DAS 28 calculator
<2.6 == remission >= 2.6 - <= 3.2 == low activity >3.2 - <= 5.1 == moderate activity >5.1 == high activity ## Way to remember You start at <2.6, 6 is the number difference beween 2.6 and 3.2, next in line is a different in 9 (so like the 3 times table) so from 3.2 to 5.1 and above 5.1 is high activity
48
Two main antibodies found in Rheumatoid arthritis
- Rheumatoid factor - Anti-CCP antibodies
49
Difference between chronic and acute pain
Acute lasts less than 3 months Chronic lasts more than 3 months
50
Rheumatoid hand signs
- Ulnar deviation - fingers deviate towards ulnar side (pinky) - Bontonniere (buttonhole) deformity - you have PIP flexion and DIP hyperextension - Swan-neck deformity - opposite of button hole deformity, you have PIP hyperextension and DIP flexion (looks like a swan-neck) - Synovitis - visible swelling of MCP and PIP joints - Rheumatoid nodules - firm, non-tender lumps under the skin often at pressure points like ur fingerprint
51
What do u see in seronegative arthrtides and what is the most common one
- spinal and sacroiliac inflammation - asymmetrical joints - most common is ankylosing spondylitis
52
Test for ankylosing spondylitis
Schober’s test - tell patient to bend over and see if the distance between their vertebrae increases
53
Does Rheumatoid arthritis improve or worsen with activity and when time are the symptoms the worst
Improves with activity and worst in the morning
54
Where does spinal cord terminate
L1
55
Diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis
- blood test for Rheumatoid factor and anti-CCP - imagine (x-ray) - decreased bone density around affected joint - soft tissue swelling - narrowing of joint space - bony erosion
56
What type of lens do people with astigmatism wear
Cylindrical lenses

Semester 3 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions