BSS

Question 1

3 parts of spotlight or zoom lens model

Answer 1

Middle is focal point, fringe is next and last is margin

Question 2

The 3 theories of selective attention

Answer 2

• Broadbents early selection theory
• Deutsch + Deutsch late selection theory
• Treisman’s attenuation theory

Question 3

The 4 components of broadbents early selection theory and D+D late selection theory

Answer 3

Sensory register
Perceptual processes
Selective filter
Other cognitive processes

Question 4

What differs between broadbent early selection and D+D late selection theories

Answer 4

Broadbent thinks that the selective filter comes first before the perpetual processes while D+D thinks the selective filter is after the perpetual processes (where words are assigned meaning)

So broadbent goes like this
Sensory register —> selective filter —> perceptual processes —-> other cognitive processes or working memory

While

D&D goes like this:
Sensory register —> perceptual processes —-> selective filter —> other cognitive processes or working memory

Question 5

What is Treisman’s attenuation theory

Answer 5

Treisman follows broadbent’s order but instead of a selective filter you have an attenuator, the attenuator weakens but doesn’t eliminate the input from the unattended ear and some of it goes to the perceptual processes and is still assigned meaning but just isn’t high priority, at this point if you realize that the attenuated information is actually important (like hearing your name) you’ll switch ears/attention and attenuate (weaken) what you were previously listening to

Question 6

Two attention networks and what they’re also known as

Answer 6

Dorsal attention network (endogenous attention)

Ventral attention network (exogenous attention)

Question 7

Dorsal attention network

Answer 7

• voluntary, sustained and focused attention, you ignore distractions and is bilaterally distributed
  -e.g concentration on reading a book in a noisy cafe, ignoring background conversations
• dorsal means sensory to try to remember it as you want to focus your senses

Question 8

Ventral attention network

Answer 8

• Alerting, detection of salient stimuli (which is stimuli that automatically captures your attention such as your name) or re-direction of attention
• relatively laterialized to right hemisphere
• e.g hearing a car horn while crossing the street which redirects your attention
• try to remember it as that ventral means motor and motor moves ur head to the sound

Question 9

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development

Answer 9

-sensorimotor stage (0-2)
-pre-operational (2-7)
-concrete operational (7-11)
-formal operational (11+)

Question 10

Sensorimotor stage

Answer 10

Age 0-2
Children want to explore world with their senses
Object permanence developed here

Question 11

Pre-operational stage

Answer 11

• age 2-7
• children start to engage in pretend play - start understanding the meaning of symbols
• egocentric

Question 12

Concrete-operational stage

Answer 12

• age 7-11
• where children learn the idea of conservation (water cup test)
• start to understand mathematics

Question 13

Formal operational stage

Answer 13

• age 11+
• when children can reason about abstract concepts and think about consequences of potential actions
• sophisticated moral reasoning begins to take place

Question 14

3 stages of memory

Answer 14

Encode (done by focusing attention)

Storage (short term and long term memeory)

Retrieval (Recall which is accessing memory with no cues and Recognition which is with cues)

Question 15

What are the theories of memory

Answer 15

• The multi-store model (main one which the others are built on)
• levels of processing model ( more in depth encoding stage)
• working memory theory ( more in depth short-term memory stage)
• types of long term memory (more in depth long-term memeory stage)

Question 16

What is the working memory theory

Answer 16

An elaboration of the idea of short term memory, Baddeley split short term memory into a central executive function which drives the whole system and does cognitive tasks like problem solving and allocates different attentional resources to 3 different components which are:

Phonological loop (inner voice which deals with spoken or written information)

Vision-spatial sketchpad (responsible for information in a visual or special form like inner eye)

Episodic buffer (links information together into the memeory we have of an event like the smell of the soil on a day of a funeral for example, it puts the elements in chronological order so memories are experienced like a story)

Question 17

What is the levels of processing model

Answer 17

Proposes that there are levels of processing (encoding stage) for processing memories. E.g rehearsing and repeating creates stronger/more extensive neural connections than information we just pass by, or suggests that for a memory to be transferred into a stronger memory it must have meaning and be understood

Question 18

What did craik and Lockhart theorise in the ways verbal information can be processed

Answer 18

3 ways:
- structural processing (appearance)
- phonemic processing (sound)
These two go into superficial memory/processing

• semantic processing (meaning)
  This goes into deep memory/processing

Aka means that knowing the meaning of what you’re trying to process helps a lot more in trying to remember it

Question 19

What are the types and subtypes of long term memory

Answer 19

Explicit (declarative) (consciously recalled)
- Episodic (first kiss)
- Semantic (facts or general knowledge)

Implicit (non-declarative) (knowledge without awareness)
- Procedural (skill/actions like driving for example that come as muscle memory)
- Priming (kinda like pavlov where you associate two things together like bread and butter)

Question 20

Theories of forgetting

Answer 20

• Trace decay of forgetting theory (forgetting in short term memory, memories leave a trace which fades after 15-30 seconds)
• Displacement from short term memory (STM can only hold small amounts of info and when the STM is full it displaces old information and new information takes its place)

Inteference theory (For long term memory forgetting), states that memory can be disrupted or interred with what we have previously learning and that information in LTM can be confused with other information during encoding

Question 21

What is adherence

Answer 21

Extent tk which a persons behaviour is aligned with treatment/managament plans agreed with medical professional (patient has to take inhalers but finds it embarrassing)

Question 22

Components of COM-B model

Answer 22

Capability
- Physical capability (skills to do smthn)
- Psychological capability (knowledge to do smthn)

Opportunity
- physical opportunity (resources needed for that behaviour)
- social opportunity (is it socially acceptable to do that behaviour)

Motivation
- Reflective motivation (weighing up pros and cons and whether you think that behaviour will lead to good or bad)
- Automatic motivation (habit/responding to cues, smoking everytime you’re on break)

Question 23

What are the components of the transtheoretical models of change

Answer 23

Precontemplation
contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance
Either stable lifestyle or lapse (what the hell effect) and relapse

Question 24

Components of PRIME and what it means

Answer 24

Theory that behaviour happens in the moment and it’s our wants and needs in the moment that’s drives the outcome of what we do

Consists of:
Plans
Evaluation
Motives
Impulses
Responses
+ external environment

All contributing to the internal environment which is your frame of mind

Question 25

Health belief model

Answer 25

Perceived susceptibility, perceived severity etc

Question 26

Self regulatory model of illness

Answer 26

Aka common sense model
Starts with health threat which leads to a cognitive representation and emotional representation

Cognitive representation:
Identify
Cause
Timeline
Consequences
Curabilty

Emotional represention:
How it makes us feel

All leads to coping behaviors in which you two types:
Approach or problem solving
Avoidance/denial

This then leads to appraisal of behaviour to see if it helped with dealing with the health treat or not and once u appraise your behavior it loops back to the health threat if circumstances change

Question 27

General adaptation syndrome of stress

Answer 27

Alarm phase: mobilisation to meet and resist stressor

Resistance phase: coping with and resisting stressor

Exhaustion phase : if resistance does not terminate stressor, coping exhausted

Question 28

What is the transactional model of stress

Answer 28

Argues that stress is based on its appraisal by the person, it’s not the event or the person reaction but a result of how a person appraises the situation and their ability to cope that signifies how a person experiences stress, this means two people exposed to the same stressor can react in different ways

Question 29

What are the components of the transactional model of stress

Answer 29

Primary appraisal: the person initially appraises the event and puts it into 4 categories:
Irrelavant (doesn’t affect them)
Benign & positive (neutral or beneficial)
Harmful and threat
Harmful and challenge

Secondary appraisal: evaluating resources, after the person has appraised that the event is stressful they have to evaluate/appraise how they deal with it

Coping or stress response:
Direct action
Seeking information
Doing nothing
Developing means of coping with stress like relaxation or defense mechanism

Reappraisal: after coping efforts you reassess the information to determine whether it’s still stressful

Question 30

Allostatic load of stress meaning

Answer 30

Wear and tear on the body that accumulates over time due to chronic stress

Question 31

4 stages if addiction

Answer 31

Initiation
Maintenance
Cessation
Relapse

Question 32

Theories/models of addiction

Answer 32

Moral model: addiction as a result of weakness and lack of moral fibres

Biomedical model: addiction treated as a disease

Social learning theory: behaviors that are learnt

Question 33

Stages of cessation

Answer 33

Just like transtheortical model of change

Precontemplation
contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance

Can shift between the 5 stages

Question 34

What does the recovery model of mental illness state

Answer 34

It allows for people with severe mental illness to take control of their own lives and give it meaning, it promotes patient choice and control regarding their treatment

Question 35

5 main models of disability

Answer 35

Social model
Medical model
Charity model
Rights-based model
BSS model

Question 36

Social model of disability

Answer 36

Most commonly used model and states that the organized efforts of society are needed to eliminate the physical, social and communication barriers that hinders disabled people from participating in the community

Question 37

Medical model of disability

Answer 37

Focuses on an individuals impairment, there is a belief that individuals with disability need to be “cured” or “treated” before they can participate in the community

Question 38

Charity model of disability

Answer 38

Communities can view people with disabilities as unable to care for themselves or don’t have the capacity to live independently, therefore they must be “cared for” in separate facilities to the rest of the community, this can be very disheartening and portray people with disabilities as victims

Question 39

Rights-based or empowering model of disability

Answer 39

Recognises that disability is just a natural part of human diversity and that they deserve to be treated just like everyone else, they treat the barriers they face as discriminatory against them for being disabled and provide avenues for people to complain when it shouldn’t even be happening, disabled people should be able to make their own decisions that affect their own lives

Question 40

Biopsychosocial model of disability

Answer 40

Integrated approach that explains disability as the result of a complex interplay between biological, psychological and social factors, that disability can’t be fully understood just by looking at only the biological or social impairement but that people need to consider all 3

Question 41

When can someone be detained under the mental health act 1983

Answer 41

• they have a mental disorder that requires hospital treatment
• they pose a risk to their own health or safety to others
• treatment is necessary and cannot be provided otherwise
• approved by 2 doctors and an approved mental health professional (AMHP)

Question 42

Explain section 2 and 3 of the MHA

Answer 42

Section 2: detainment for up to 28 days for assessment

Section 3: detainment for treatment for up to 6 months

Question 43

Difference between MHA and MCA

Answer 43

MHA is about treating mental illness

MCA applies to anyone who lacks mental capacity to take a specific decision and via that persons best interests

Question 44

Prejudice vs stigma vs discrimination

Answer 44

Prejudice is negative thoughts or feeling about something or someone

Stigma is the societal label or devaluation tied to a characteristic

Discrimination is actions or decisions taken based on prejudice or stigma