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3910 Health Promotion & Caring: Client's with Health Challenges I > Diabetes & Thyroid Review > Flashcards

Diabetes & Thyroid Review Flashcards

1
Q

T1D

A
  • Complete lack of insulin in body
  • Autoimmune
  • Genetic component
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2
Q

T2D

A
  • Insulin resistance
  • Metabolic syndrome (hypertension, obesity etc)
  • Acquired illness
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3
Q

Symptoms of Diabetes

A
  • Neurocognitive - dizziness/confusion
  • Polydipsia
  • Weight - loss
  • Hungry
  • Polyuria
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4
Q

Complications - Hyperglycemia

A
  • Glucose damages vessels
  • Atherosclerosis & poor perfusion
  • Damages many body systems including nervous
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5
Q

Occular Complications

A
  • Damage to micro-vessels in eye
  • Blindness, blurred vision
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6
Q

Cardiac Complications

A
  • Atherosclerosis
  • Increased risk of MI, CAD, stroke, HTN
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7
Q

Renal Complications

A
  • Damage to nephrons
  • Increased risk of chronic kidney disease
  • Neuropathy in bladder
  • Neurogenic bladder, UTI
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8
Q

Vascular Complications

A
  • Peripheral vascular disease
  • Peripheral neuropathy
  • Poor wound healing
  • Numbness feet/hands
  • Falls risk
  • Mobility
  • Foot ulcers
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9
Q

Immune System Complications

A
  • Impaired perfusion - limits movement of immune cells to infection sites
  • High blood glucose is breeding ground for infection
  • Decreased neutrophil synthesis
  • Risk of septic shock
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10
Q

Integumentary Complications

A
  • Impaired wound healing
  • Impaired immunity
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11
Q

Critical BG Levels

A

<2.8mmol/L
>20mmol/L

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12
Q

Normal Levels

A
  • Random <7.7mmol/L
  • Fasting 4.0-7.0mmol/L
  • HbA1C <6.5%
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13
Q

Diabetic Levels

A
  • Random >11.1mmol/L
  • Fasting >7.0mmol/L
  • HbA1C > 6.5%
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14
Q

Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C)

A
  • Amount of glucose attached to Hb
  • Reflects average serum glucose level over previous 2-3 months
  • High = poor control of diabetes
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15
Q

Acute Hypoglycemia

A
  • Too much insulin/oral antihyperglycemic agents
  • Inadequate food intake
  • Excessive physical activity
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16
Q

Autonomic (Neurogenic) S&S

A
  • Trembling
  • Palpitations
  • Sweating anxiety
  • Hunger
  • Nausea
  • Tingling
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17
Q

Neuroglycopenic S&S - elderly/very severe hypoglycemia

A
  • Poor concentration
  • Confusion
  • Weakness
  • Drowsiness
  • Vision changes
  • Speech issues
  • Headache
  • Dizziness
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18
Q

Mild Hypoglycemia

A
  • Autonomic symptoms
  • Able to self-treat
  • 2.8-4.0mmol/L
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19
Q

Moderate Hypoglycemia

A
  • Autonomic & neuroglycopenic symptoms
  • Ability to self-treat
  • 2.8-4.0mmol/L
20
Q

Severe Hypoglycemia

A
  • Autonomic & neuroglycopenic symptoms
  • <2.8mmol/L
  • Unconsciousness may occur
21
Q

Mild-Moderate Hypoglycemia Treatment

A
  • Oral ingestion of 15g of carbs
  • Retest BG in 15 mins
  • Re-treat with another 15g of carbs if BG levels remain <4.0mmol/L
22
Q

Severe Hypoglycemia Treatment - Conscious

A
  • Oral ingestion of 20g carbs
  • Retest BG in 15 mins
  • Re-treat if BG level remains <4.0mmol/L
23
Q

Severe Hypoglycemia Treatment - Unconscious

A
  • IV access (Pre-established) IV push D5W (20-50mL) over 1-3 mins
  • No IV access - SC/IM glucagon 1mg
24
Q

Diabetic Keto Acidosis

A
  • T1D hyperglycemia emergency
  • > 13.9mmol/L
25
Q

Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Syndrome

A
  • T2D hyperglycemia emergency
  • > 33mmol/L
26
Q

Early Hyperglycemia Signs

A
  • Tiredness
  • Polyurea, dehydration
  • Polydipsia
27
Q

Rapid Insulin

A
  • Onset 15mins
  • Peak 30-90mins
  • Duration 3-4hrs
28
Q

Short Acting Insulin

A
  • Peak 2-3 hrs
  • Duration 4-6 hrs
  • 20-30mins before meal
29
Q

Intermediate Insulin

A
  • Peak 4-12 hrs
  • Duration 16-20hrs
  • Post meal
30
Q

Long Acting Insulin

A
  • No peak
  • Duration >24 hrs
  • Basal dose
31
Q

Metformin Side Effects

A
  • Stomach pain
  • GI upset
  • Gas
  • Bloating
  • N/V/D
  • Constipation
32
Q

Metformin Function

A

Treat hyperglycaemia, lower blood glucose

33
Q

Metformin Considerations

A
  • Hypoglycemia risk
  • Monitor ALT/AST - hepatotoxic
  • Hold before contrast dye
  • Contraindicated eGFR <30
34
Q

Glyburide Function

A

Treat hyperglycaemia, lower blood glucose

35
Q

Glyburide Side Effects

A
  • GI upset
  • Skin reactions - sunscreen
  • Weight gain
36
Q

Glyburide Nursing Considerations

A
  • Hypoglycemia risk
  • Avoid EtOH
  • Reduce alcohol intake
  • Caution with heart failure/MI
37
Q

Rosiglitazone/Pioglitazone Function

A

Treat hyperglycaemia, lower blood glucose

38
Q

Rosiglitazone Side Effects

A
  • Weight gain
  • Edema
  • Macular edema
  • Heart failure
39
Q

Rosiglitazone Nursing Considerations

A
  • Hypoglycemia risk
  • Hepatotoxic risk
  • Bladder cancer risk - genetic origin
40
Q

Acarbose Function

A

Treat hyperglycaemia, lower blood glucose

41
Q

Acarbose Side Effects

A
  • Gas
  • Diarrhea
  • Bloating
  • Stomach pain
  • GI upset
  • NV
42
Q

Acarbose Nursing Considerations

A
  • Hypoglycemia risk
  • Avoid in clients with GI issues (IBS, Crohn’s)
43
Q

Levothyroxine (Synthroid) Function

A

Hypothyroidism treatment

44
Q

Levothyroxine Side Effects

A
  • Fever/hot flashes
  • Sweating
  • Nervousness
  • Irritability
  • NVD
  • Headache
  • Insomnia
45
Q

Levothyroxine Nursing Considerations

A
  • Monitor toxicity
  • Risk of hyperthyroidism
  • Tachycardia, chest pain, palpations
  • Take in morning without food
  • Avoid calcium & iron
  • Avoid fluctuations in thyroid levels
46
Q

Hyperthyroidism Treatment

A
  • Oral iodine
  • Destroys thyroid hormone
  • Attaches to hormone & helps excrete

3910 Health Promotion & Caring: Client's with Health Challenges I (15 decks)

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