Diabetes Mellitus Flashcards
elevated blood glucose caused by a lack of or low levels of insulin, or insulin resistance
Diabetes Mellitus
Most typically develops in childhood or adolescence
Type 1 Diabetes
5 – 10% of all cases of diabetes
Type 1 Diabetes
Immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic Beta cells
Type 1 Diabetes
Circulating insulin is absent, plasma glucose is elevated
Type 1 Diabetes
Body composition-thin and undernourished
Type 1 Diabetes
diet, self-monitoring of blood glucose, exercise, & daily insulin injections
Type 1 Diabetes Treatment
More than 90% of diabetics
Type 2 Diabetes
Typical onset usually over age 40
Type 2 Diabetes
Associated with middle-aged to older adults, abdominal obesity, sedentary lifestyle, genetics
Type 2 Diabetes
Pancreatic Beta cells are functioning to some degree
Type 2 Diabetes
Insulin resistance
Type 2 Diabetes
Body composition-Frequently obese
Type 2 Diabetes
diet, exercise, & usually self-monitoring of blood glucose. Some patients may
require oral hypoglycemic agents and/or supplemental insulin injections
Type 2 Diabetes Treatment
All overweight adults > 45 years old
Pre-Diabetes
< 45 years old with any of the following risk factors: family history, low HDL, HTN, gestation diabetes, African American, Native Indian, or Hispanic
Pre-Diabetes
Fasting BG between 110 – 125 mg/dL
Pre-Diabetes
This diagnosis indicates a high risk of developing diabetes within the next 10 years
Pre-Diabetes
Focus is on prevention. Recommend cardiovascular exercise for 30 mins 5 days/week
Pre-Diabetes Treatment
Diabetes that appears during pregnancy only
Gestational Diabetes
Often associated with large birth-weight babies
(> 9lb)
Gestational Diabetes
Placenta produces hormones that block the actions of insulin. Cortisol levels increase
Gestational Diabetes
diet, self-monitoring of blood glucose; sometimes insulin; sometimes metformin
Gestational Diabetes Treatment
Accounts for 90% of diabetes related deaths
Long Term Complications of Diabetes
leading cause of death: stroke, MI, hypertension
Cardiovascular disease
Long Term Complications of Diabetes
damage to the retina of the eye (patients need annual eye exam)
Retinopathy
Long Term Complications of Diabetes
kidney disease (protein in urine, reduced glomerular filtration)
Nephropathy
Long Term Complications of Diabetes
nerve damage resulting in pain, loss of sensation, & muscle weakness
Neuropathy
Long Term Complications of Diabetes
poor peripheral circulation & infections
Amputations
Long Term Complications of Diabetes
very slowed GI tract resulting in nausea & constipation
Gastroparesis
Long Term Complications of Diabetes
caused by blood vessel injury and neuropathy
Erectile Dysfunction
Long Term Complications of Diabetes
