Diabetes Flashcards
Glycogenesis
The process of glycogen formation. In cells, glucose is stored as glycogen.
Glycogenolysis
The breakdown of the body’s stored glycogen to yield glucose if there is not enough circulating glucose from carbohydrate ingestion.
Gluconeogenesis
When glycogen stores are depleted, the liver can synthesize glucose by this process. Amino acids and fats are converted into glucose. Fatty acids accumulate and are converted into ketones.
Happens in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
Normal Blood Glucose Ranges
- 70-100 mg/dl fasting and before meals
- <140 mg/dl 2 Hour Post-Prandial
- 100-150 for hospitalized patient (or 110-180)
- <5.7% Hemoglobin A1C
Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP)
Measures blood glucose, electrolyte, and fluid balance, and kidney function
Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP)
Measures 14 different blood substances, that include the 8 in the BMP.
What should be the blood glucose(s) for someone with diabetes?
Fasting Blood Glucose: >126 mg/dl x 2
Random BG: >200mg/dl x 1
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test: >200 after 75 GM Glucose Load
HGB A1C: >6.5% x 2
Hemoglobin A1C
Average level of blood glucose over the past two to three months
Diabetes Mellitus
Metabolic disorder caused by hyperglycemia related to lack of insulin, lack of insulin effect, or both.
Ketosis
Metabolic process that occurs when the body breaks down fat for energy if it’s not getting enough carbohydrates.
Hyperglycemia Symptoms
Extreme thirst
Hungry
Dry Skin
Need to urinate more often
Blurry Vision
Drowsy
Slow healing wounds
Symptoms of hypoglycemia
Shaky
Fast heartbeat
Sweating
Dizzy
Anxious
Hungry
Blurry Vision
Weakness
Headache
Irritable
Clinical Manifestations of DKA
- Lack of Insulin
- Hyperglycemia (>250)
- Ketosis
- Acidosis
- Dehydration
- Electrolyte loss
- Rapid onset
Clinical Manifestations of HHS
Lack of Insulin
Hyperglycemia
Dehydration
Slow onset
Absent Ketones
Hypotension
Tachycardia
Chronic Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
Microvasular Disease
Macrovascular Disease
Diabetic Neuropathies
Infection