Cellular Response and Disease

Question 1

Stress

Answer 1

A state produced by a change in the environment that is perceived as challenging, threatening, or damaging to a person, dynamic balance or equilibrium.

Question 2

Prolonged stress will cause…

Answer 2

…a system to fail leading to cell alterations,
injury, or death.

Question 3

What are some causes of cellular injury?

There are 7 outlined in this lecture.

Answer 3

1. Physical agents
2. Chemical agents
3. Infectious agents
4. Nutritional imbalances
5. Hypoxia
6. Disordered immune responses
7. Genetic disorders

Question 4

Cellular Injury

Answer 4

Occurs when cell is unable to maintain homeostasis in the face of a stimulus.

Question 5

Cellular Adaptation

Answer 5

Allows the stressed tissue to survive or maintain function. The most significant changes include change in size and number.

Question 6

Types of Cellular Adaptation

There are four outlined in lecture.

Answer 6

1. Atrophy (size)
2. Hypertrophy (size)
3. Hyperplasia (number)
4. Dysplasia (number)

Question 7

Atrophy

Answer 7

Decrease in size of cells

Question 8

Hypertrophy

Answer 8

Increase in size of cells

Question 9

Hyperplasia

Answer 9

Increase in the number of cells

Question 10

Dysplasia

Answer 10

Deranged cell growth-varied size,
shape, and organization

Question 11

What are cellular responses to injury?

There are two we discussed in lecture.

Answer 11

1. Apoptosis
2. Necrosis

Question 12

Apoptosis

Answer 12

Genetically programmed degenerative change. This is normal.

Question 13

Necrosis

Answer 13

An irreversible process in which the membrane disintegrates, lysis takes place, and the body initiates an inflammatory reaction with only remnants remaining. This is not normal.