Diabetes Flashcards
______: a highly regulated process where nutrients are broken down, transformed and otherwise converted into cellular energy to sustain the processes of life and health
metabolism
proteins are broken down into ______ ____
amino acids
carbohydrates breakdown into _____
glucose
oils and fats break down into ____ _____ - an alternative the body will use instead of glucose
fatty acids
the cellular preference is _____
glucose
__________ are a major form of fat storage; built from fats and carbs
triglycerides
________; excessive amounts of triglycerides in the blood is linked to coronary artery disease
hypertriglyceridemia
the liver converts fatty acids into _____
ketones
T/F ketones are an emergency/ backup energy supply
true
ketones break down ____ cells for energy
fat
ketone buildup in the blood is called _______ and can be life-threatening
ketoacidosis
the pancreas creates elements to help neutralize _____
chyme
alpha cells release ______ in response to low blood glucose
glucagon
beta cells release _____ in response to high blood glucose
insulin
delta cells release ______- a regulator hormone
somatostatin
_____ creates a “well-fed” state in the body; without it the body cannot get the energy it needs from the food it consumes
insulin
when the body goes into the ______ NS the body produces more insulin
parasympathetic
T/F glycogen storage happens in the liver
true
______ creates a “find food” state in the body
glucagon
glucagon is ______ in function
catabolic
glucagon facilitates breakdown of amino acids and store fat (_________)
adipose
_______ a disorder of carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism resulting from an imbalance between insulin availability and insulin need
diabetes
diabetes ______: a metabolic disease characterized by disordered insulin kinetics
mellitus
hemoglobin ____ is the current standard for measuring the body’s management of blood glucose
A1C
T/F A1c reflects the average blood glucose level over the past 2-3 months
true
the goal for people with diabetes is to keep their A1c under __% less than __% if possible
8%, 6.5%
_______ ______ diabetes is believed to be an autoimmune condition in which the beta cells of the pancreas is attacked
type one
type 1 diabetes makes up ___-___% of the diabetic population
5-10%
_____ _____ diabetes makes up 90-95% of the diabetic population
type 2
onset of type 2 diabetes is usually over ____ although childhood onset is on the rise
40
in some cases of type 2 diabetes, body cells develop decreased insulin sensitivity, and reduced responsiveness of insulin receptors aka _______ _____
insulin resistance
T/F circadian rhythm disruptions from sleep deprivation or shift work can accelerate development of type 2 diabetes
true
________ diabetes occurs in individuals who were not diabetic before becoming pregnant
gestational
onset of gestational diabetes is usually at around _____ weeks
24
T/F gestational diabetes affects an average of 4% of pregnancies with as much as 20% incidence risk
true
_____ syndrome, increases the risk of type 2 diabetes development
metabolic
people with metabolic syndrome have high ____ cholesterol and low _____ cholesterol
LDL, HDL
Type 1 or 2?
Onset of symptoms is rapid and acute, weight loss, intense hunger and thirst, blurred vision, irritability
type 1
type 1 or 2?
Slow onset, fatigue, hypertension, slow healing
type 2
skin changes such as _____ ______ (patches of dark skin in body folds) are common in type 2 diabetics
acanthosis nigricans
T/F in most cases type 2 diabetics are taking oral medications to stimulate the pancreas to release more insulin
true
T/F type 2 diabetics never use insulin
false
______ is injected into the subcutaneous fatty tissue
insulin
T/F injection sites must be rotated to prevent tissue hardening
true
T/F insulin is absorbed more or less quickly based on the injection site
true
good control for insulin-dependent diabetics is blood glucose consistently between ______ and _____ mmol
4-7
this method of insulin delivery contains a battery operated pump and a computer chip that controls the exact amount of insulin being administered
insulin pump
insulin pumps can deliver a constant rate of insulin known as the _____ rate 24 hours a day
basal
T/F avoid onsite massage and hydro for 24 hours after the patient has just injected insulin
true
T/F the positioning for diabetic patients is very limited if they use an insulin pump
false, any position is fine as long as the tubing is not kinked or compressed
CGM reads blood glucose on average every ___ minutes
5
CGM sensors must be replaced every ____ - ____ days
7-14
T/F CGM’s are the closest we have gotten to pancreas-like technology
true
_________ aka insulin shock is a result of too much insulin in the blood relative to food intake
hyperinsulinemia
Mild S/S of hyperinsulinemia includes which of the following
a) anxiety
b) clammy sweating
c) seizures
d) a & b
d) a & b
severe S/S of hyperinsulinemia includes which of the following
a) palpitations
b) headaches
c) pronounced confusion
d) all of the above
c) pronounced confusion
________ _________ aka (DKA) is a result of insufficient insulin relative to food intake, causing hyperglycemia
diabetic ketoacidosis
mild S/S of diabetic ketoacidosis includes which of the following
a) hunger
b) dry mouth
c) frequent urination
d) all of the above
d) all of the above
severe S/S of diabetic ketoacidosis includes which of the following
a) dehydration
b) vomiting
c) coma
d) death
e) all of the above
e) all of the above
T/F always give sugar, never give insulin
true
diabetes can cause ______ or delayed healing
poor
T/F a long-term affect of diabetes is compromised circulation
true
two other long-term effects of diabetes include _____ immunity and ______ toxicity
impaired, increased
_________ is a result of combined effects of heart and blood vessel changes as well as liver and kidney stresses
hypertension
increasing incidences of ______ is a system complication of diabetes
atherosclerosis
_________; thickening from irritation/ damage to vessel walls
arteriosclerosis
_______ ______; recurrent internal scarring from high blood pressure and blood PH
onion skinning
diabetic microangiopathy is aka _______ vessel damage
small
________is a form of tissue degeneration in which the normal tissue components deteriorate and there is excess production of extracellular matrix
hyalinization
arteriolar hyalinization is much like the onion skin lesion in arteries, forming in layers in the ______ ______
tunica media
increased risk of _________ is a common system complication in diabetic folks
infarction
T/F poor healing (Delayed or incomplete) is a long term physical effect of diabetes
true
_____ processes may be trumping anabolic processes
catabolic
impaired _____ is a long term physical effect of diabetes
immunity
T/F bacteria/fungi like higher blood sugar & more acidic blood
true
increased ______ involves a poor breakdown of ingested nutrients creating high volumes of unusable metabolic by produced which tend to be irritating and promote acidity
toxicity
________ is a CV system complication associated with diabetes - this is a result of combined effects of heart and blood vessel changes and lung, liver and kidney stresses
hypertension
large vessel damage aka diabetic _________ involves an increased incidence of atherosclerosis
macroangiopathy
_____ ______ is the recurrent internal scarring from high blood pressure and blood PH
onion skinning
small vessel damage aka diabetic ________ involves hyalinization resulting in decreased lumen size and decreased contraction ability
microangiopathy
after _____-_____ years, all diabetics have some degree of CV impairment
10-15
______ is 100 times more likely to occur in diabetics
gangrene
gangrene is a result of combined poor ______ resilience and _____ conditions
tissue, toxic
in diabetics there is a high incidence of ______ artery atherosclerosis and recurrence of kidney infections/ stones
renal
in diabetics, there is an increased risk of impaired _____ health along with a high incidence of microbleeds and potential for impaired neurological controls
eye
T/F in diabetics, digestive structures can be uncomfortable and painful
true
in the CNS, _____ can occur in diabetic patients, as well as various impairments of body system controls and an increased tendency to develop _____
seizures, dementia
nerve damage in the ____ is very common as well as paraesthesias and sensory loss
PNS
when treating a patient with diabetes and diabetic foot, it is important to stay alert for _____ and adapt accordingly, take precautions related to ______ ulcer risk (positions, pressure releases adapt techs, don’t leave tissue wet)
lesions, decubitius
T/F if there are red spots, ignore them and massage
false, no onsite massage if red spots are present
where in the pancreas is somatostatin produced?
the islets of langerhans
when blood glucose levels rise to an unhealthy level this is called _______
hyperglycemia
type one diabetes is not curable, onset is usually in ______ typically before age 30
childhood
T/F diabetic babies are often quite large
true
___________ tends to progress into type 2 diabetes
prediabetes
T/F most people are unaware they have pre diabetes
true
T/F screen at age 40 for prediabetes and every 3 years after that
true
metabolic syndrome is defined by which of the following symptoms
a) central obesity
b) blood pressure of 130/85 or higher
c) elevated fasting blood glucose
d) elevated blood triglycerides
e) high LDL’s & low HDL’s
f) all of the above
f) all of the above
_______ fat occurs as a symptom of metabolic syndrome
ectopic
