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T3 Systems :( > Diabetes > Flashcards

Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

______: a highly regulated process where nutrients are broken down, transformed and otherwise converted into cellular energy to sustain the processes of life and health

A

metabolism

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2
Q

proteins are broken down into ______ ____

A

amino acids

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3
Q

carbohydrates breakdown into _____

A

glucose

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4
Q

oils and fats break down into ____ _____ - an alternative the body will use instead of glucose

A

fatty acids

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5
Q

the cellular preference is _____

A

glucose

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6
Q

__________ are a major form of fat storage; built from fats and carbs

A

triglycerides

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7
Q

________; excessive amounts of triglycerides in the blood is linked to coronary artery disease

A

hypertriglyceridemia

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8
Q

the liver converts fatty acids into _____

A

ketones

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9
Q

T/F ketones are an emergency/ backup energy supply

A

true

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10
Q

ketones break down ____ cells for energy

A

fat

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11
Q

ketone buildup in the blood is called _______ and can be life-threatening

A

ketoacidosis

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12
Q

the pancreas creates elements to help neutralize _____

A

chyme

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13
Q

alpha cells release ______ in response to low blood glucose

A

glucagon

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14
Q

beta cells release _____ in response to high blood glucose

A

insulin

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15
Q

delta cells release ______- a regulator hormone

A

somatostatin

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16
Q

_____ creates a “well-fed” state in the body; without it the body cannot get the energy it needs from the food it consumes

A

insulin

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17
Q

when the body goes into the ______ NS the body produces more insulin

A

parasympathetic

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18
Q

T/F glycogen storage happens in the liver

A

true

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19
Q

______ creates a “find food” state in the body

A

glucagon

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20
Q

glucagon is ______ in function

A

catabolic

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21
Q

glucagon facilitates breakdown of amino acids and store fat (_________)

A

adipose

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22
Q

_______ a disorder of carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism resulting from an imbalance between insulin availability and insulin need

A

diabetes

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23
Q

diabetes ______: a metabolic disease characterized by disordered insulin kinetics

A

mellitus

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24
Q

hemoglobin ____ is the current standard for measuring the body’s management of blood glucose

A

A1C

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25
Q

T/F A1c reflects the average blood glucose level over the past 2-3 months

A

true

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26
Q

the goal for people with diabetes is to keep their A1c under __% less than __% if possible

A

8%, 6.5%

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27
Q

_______ ______ diabetes is believed to be an autoimmune condition in which the beta cells of the pancreas is attacked

A

type one

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28
Q

type 1 diabetes makes up ___-___% of the diabetic population

A

5-10%

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29
Q

_____ _____ diabetes makes up 90-95% of the diabetic population

A

type 2

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30
Q

onset of type 2 diabetes is usually over ____ although childhood onset is on the rise

A

40

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31
Q

in some cases of type 2 diabetes, body cells develop decreased insulin sensitivity, and reduced responsiveness of insulin receptors aka _______ _____

A

insulin resistance

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32
Q

T/F circadian rhythm disruptions from sleep deprivation or shift work can accelerate development of type 2 diabetes

A

true

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33
Q

________ diabetes occurs in individuals who were not diabetic before becoming pregnant

A

gestational

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34
Q

onset of gestational diabetes is usually at around _____ weeks

A

24

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35
Q

T/F gestational diabetes affects an average of 4% of pregnancies with as much as 20% incidence risk

A

true

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36
Q

_____ syndrome, increases the risk of type 2 diabetes development

A

metabolic

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37
Q

people with metabolic syndrome have high ____ cholesterol and low _____ cholesterol

A

LDL, HDL

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38
Q

Type 1 or 2?

Onset of symptoms is rapid and acute, weight loss, intense hunger and thirst, blurred vision, irritability

A

type 1

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39
Q

type 1 or 2?

Slow onset, fatigue, hypertension, slow healing

A

type 2

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40
Q

skin changes such as _____ ______ (patches of dark skin in body folds) are common in type 2 diabetics

A

acanthosis nigricans

41
Q

T/F in most cases type 2 diabetics are taking oral medications to stimulate the pancreas to release more insulin

A

true

42
Q

T/F type 2 diabetics never use insulin

A

false

43
Q

______ is injected into the subcutaneous fatty tissue

A

insulin

44
Q

T/F injection sites must be rotated to prevent tissue hardening

A

true

45
Q

T/F insulin is absorbed more or less quickly based on the injection site

A

true

46
Q

good control for insulin-dependent diabetics is blood glucose consistently between ______ and _____ mmol

A

4-7

47
Q

this method of insulin delivery contains a battery operated pump and a computer chip that controls the exact amount of insulin being administered

A

insulin pump

48
Q

insulin pumps can deliver a constant rate of insulin known as the _____ rate 24 hours a day

A

basal

49
Q

T/F avoid onsite massage and hydro for 24 hours after the patient has just injected insulin

A

true

50
Q

T/F the positioning for diabetic patients is very limited if they use an insulin pump

A

false, any position is fine as long as the tubing is not kinked or compressed

51
Q

CGM reads blood glucose on average every ___ minutes

A

5

52
Q

CGM sensors must be replaced every ____ - ____ days

A

7-14

53
Q

T/F CGM’s are the closest we have gotten to pancreas-like technology

A

true

54
Q

_________ aka insulin shock is a result of too much insulin in the blood relative to food intake

A

hyperinsulinemia

55
Q

Mild S/S of hyperinsulinemia includes which of the following

a) anxiety
b) clammy sweating
c) seizures
d) a & b

A

d) a & b

56
Q

severe S/S of hyperinsulinemia includes which of the following

a) palpitations
b) headaches
c) pronounced confusion
d) all of the above

A

c) pronounced confusion

57
Q

________ _________ aka (DKA) is a result of insufficient insulin relative to food intake, causing hyperglycemia

A

diabetic ketoacidosis

58
Q

mild S/S of diabetic ketoacidosis includes which of the following

a) hunger
b) dry mouth
c) frequent urination
d) all of the above

A

d) all of the above

59
Q

severe S/S of diabetic ketoacidosis includes which of the following

a) dehydration
b) vomiting
c) coma
d) death
e) all of the above

A

e) all of the above

60
Q

T/F always give sugar, never give insulin

A

true

61
Q

diabetes can cause ______ or delayed healing

A

poor

62
Q

T/F a long-term affect of diabetes is compromised circulation

A

true

63
Q

two other long-term effects of diabetes include _____ immunity and ______ toxicity

A

impaired, increased

64
Q

_________ is a result of combined effects of heart and blood vessel changes as well as liver and kidney stresses

A

hypertension

65
Q

increasing incidences of ______ is a system complication of diabetes

A

atherosclerosis

66
Q

_________; thickening from irritation/ damage to vessel walls

A

arteriosclerosis

67
Q

_______ ______; recurrent internal scarring from high blood pressure and blood PH

A

onion skinning

68
Q

diabetic microangiopathy is aka _______ vessel damage

A

small

69
Q

________is a form of tissue degeneration in which the normal tissue components deteriorate and there is excess production of extracellular matrix

A

hyalinization

70
Q

arteriolar hyalinization is much like the onion skin lesion in arteries, forming in layers in the ______ ______

A

tunica media

71
Q

increased risk of _________ is a common system complication in diabetic folks

A

infarction

72
Q

T/F poor healing (Delayed or incomplete) is a long term physical effect of diabetes

A

true

73
Q

_____ processes may be trumping anabolic processes

A

catabolic

74
Q

impaired _____ is a long term physical effect of diabetes

A

immunity

75
Q

T/F bacteria/fungi like higher blood sugar & more acidic blood

A

true

76
Q

increased ______ involves a poor breakdown of ingested nutrients creating high volumes of unusable metabolic by produced which tend to be irritating and promote acidity

A

toxicity

77
Q

________ is a CV system complication associated with diabetes - this is a result of combined effects of heart and blood vessel changes and lung, liver and kidney stresses

A

hypertension

78
Q

large vessel damage aka diabetic _________ involves an increased incidence of atherosclerosis

A

macroangiopathy

79
Q

_____ ______ is the recurrent internal scarring from high blood pressure and blood PH

A

onion skinning

80
Q

small vessel damage aka diabetic ________ involves hyalinization resulting in decreased lumen size and decreased contraction ability

A

microangiopathy

81
Q

after _____-_____ years, all diabetics have some degree of CV impairment

A

10-15

82
Q

______ is 100 times more likely to occur in diabetics

A

gangrene

83
Q

gangrene is a result of combined poor ______ resilience and _____ conditions

A

tissue, toxic

84
Q

in diabetics there is a high incidence of ______ artery atherosclerosis and recurrence of kidney infections/ stones

A

renal

85
Q

in diabetics, there is an increased risk of impaired _____ health along with a high incidence of microbleeds and potential for impaired neurological controls

A

eye

86
Q

T/F in diabetics, digestive structures can be uncomfortable and painful

A

true

87
Q

in the CNS, _____ can occur in diabetic patients, as well as various impairments of body system controls and an increased tendency to develop _____

A

seizures, dementia

88
Q

nerve damage in the ____ is very common as well as paraesthesias and sensory loss

A

PNS

89
Q

when treating a patient with diabetes and diabetic foot, it is important to stay alert for _____ and adapt accordingly, take precautions related to ______ ulcer risk (positions, pressure releases adapt techs, don’t leave tissue wet)

A

lesions, decubitius

90
Q

T/F if there are red spots, ignore them and massage

A

false, no onsite massage if red spots are present

91
Q

where in the pancreas is somatostatin produced?

A

the islets of langerhans

92
Q

when blood glucose levels rise to an unhealthy level this is called _______

A

hyperglycemia

93
Q

type one diabetes is not curable, onset is usually in ______ typically before age 30

A

childhood

94
Q

T/F diabetic babies are often quite large

A

true

95
Q

___________ tends to progress into type 2 diabetes

A

prediabetes

96
Q

T/F most people are unaware they have pre diabetes

A

true

97
Q

T/F screen at age 40 for prediabetes and every 3 years after that

A

true

98
Q

metabolic syndrome is defined by which of the following symptoms

a) central obesity
b) blood pressure of 130/85 or higher
c) elevated fasting blood glucose
d) elevated blood triglycerides
e) high LDL’s & low HDL’s
f) all of the above

A

f) all of the above

99
Q

_______ fat occurs as a symptom of metabolic syndrome

A

ectopic

T3 Systems :( (12 decks)

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