CNS Classes 1-3 Flashcards
the _____ is made up of the brain and spinal cord
CNS
the autonomic NS is sometimes referred to as the _____ NS
vegetative
the ____ is made up of cranial nerves, spinal nerves and anything NS related outside of the brain and SC
PNS
the boundary between CNS & PNS is known as the ______ foramen
intervertebral
Motor neurons aka ____ neurons conduct signals from the CNS to the effectors
efferent
sensory neurons aka ______ neurons, conduct signals from receptors to the CNS
afferent
the _____ is voluntary while the ____ is involuntary
SNS, ANS
the sympathetic NS is responsible for the _____ ______ response
fight or flight
the _______ NS is responsible for the rest and digest response
parasympathetic
parenchymal cells are aka ____ cells
functional cells
_____ extend form the neuron cell body and received messages from other neurons
dendrites
_____ extend from the cell body and often give rise to many smaller branches before ending at nerve terminals
axons
______ send signals using action potentials
neurons
____ are the contact points where one neuron communicates with another
synapse
______ neurons usually have one process and are mostly found in invertebrates
unipolar
______ neurons are usually an oval shape, containing 2 processes, found in the retina (for example)
bipolar
_______ neurons are an axon splitting into one branch terminating in the periphery while the second branch terminates in the spinal cord
pseudounipolar
______ neurons have many dendrites that can originate from different regions of a cell body, varying in shape and size
multipolar
____ are diverse cells providing developmental, physiological and mental support for neurons while maintaining homeostasis
neuroglia
______ ____ are extended and modified plasma membranes wrapped around an axon
myelin sheaths
____ cells myelinate axons in the PNS
schwann cells
_____ cells regulate nutrient and neurotransmitter levels around neuron cell bodies in the ganglia
satellite
_____ perform 3 main functions
astrocytes
which of the following are functions of astrocytes:
a) maintaining the BBB
b) gliosis/astrocytosis
c) provide structural support
d) all of the above
d) all of the above
T/F astrocytes can alert macrophages if an immune response is needed
true
____ myelinate axons in the CNS
oligodendrocytes
when oligodendrocytes are attacked by MS is results in lesions of demyelinated neurons called _____
plaques
_____ line ventricles in the brain and spinal cord
ependymal cells
_____ cells continue to divide and replicate throughout life
labile
give an example of labile cells
epithelial cells
____ cells are smooth muscle cells and normally stop dividing when growth stops
stable
give an example of stable cells
hepatocytes
T/F permanent cells can undergo mitotic division
false, they cannot
once permanent or fixed cells are destroyed they are replaced by _____ _____ tissue
fibrous scar tissue
_____ is the ability of the brain to form and recognize synaptic connection
neuroplasticity
______ is when the axon is damaged but the endoneurium and most of the surrounding myelin sheath is still intact
axonotmesis
another term for wallerian degeneration is _______
anterograde
anterograde degeneration happens at the distal end of the axon ____ - ____ days after the injury
7-21
_____ means nerve divided, the endoneurium is no longer intact
neurotmesis
T/F when neurotmesis take place axonal regeneration is unlikely due to the myelin sheath being more severely damaged
true
T/F injured cells in the CNS regenerate
false
T/F CNS cells are highly metabolically active
true
the following are different ways cell ____ can occur
compression, direct trauma, infections and poisons/toxins
death
______ is the input of sensory information from a body part to the brain
afferentation
if an infection is caused by bacteria it is
a)pyogenic
b)lymphocytic
c) granulomatous
a) pyogenic
if an infection is caused by a virus it is
a) granulomatous
b) lymphocytic
c)myelitis
b) lymphocytic
if an infection is caused by fungi, yeast or super bacteria it is
a)meningitis
b) pyogenic
c)granulomatous
c) granulomatous
_____ is a bacterial infection in the parenchyma
encephalitis
meningitis is a viral infection attacking the brains ___ ____
protective membranes
_____ is fungi, yeast, or super bacteria in the spinal cord parenchyma
myelitis
____ meningitis is fungi,yeast or super bacteria in the spinal cord membranes
spinal
_____/____ information is carried from the body’s tissue via receptors
afferent/sensory
_____/______ information is caused by transmission of directive signals from the CNS effectors in the body tissues
efferent/ motor
incoming sensory info triggers automatic efferent reaction without having to reach the brain, this is called a ______
reflex
data that is carried as afferent transmission along the neurons of sensory system into the CNS for interpretation and response is referred to as ____ input
sensory
an example of sensation receptors include _______ and _____
olfactory receptors and nociceptors
T/F all sensation is assigned by the brain
true
the distal receptors at the end of afferent neurons are called ____ ____ neurons
first order neurons
first order neurons aka supply tissues are meant to convey the transmission to the ____ ____ with synapses occuring in the dorsal horn or brainstem
spinal cord
______ or sensory neurons carry the afferentation to the thalamus
secondary
the ____ is the reception/relay station for the brain
a)hippocampus
b)thalamus
c) cerebellum
b) thalamus
the thalamus is in charge of sensation being conveyed via the tertiary or third order neurons to the _______ cortex
somatosensory
T/F each first-order neuron’s receptor is located in the tissue it is responsible for sensing and reporting about, it generates info about specific stimulus (receptive field)
true
the ____ branches of the first-order neurons for a tissue area are bundled in fascicles
peripheral
T/F peripheral branches are grouped together into peripheral nerves
true
T/F peripheral nerves each carry a group of neurons that sense the same tissue and all report to the same spinal cord segment
false, they do not all report to the same spinal cord segment
a ____ nerve contains all the neurons whose functions correspond to one spinal cord level
spinal
spinal nerves pattern of skin responsibility is called its _____
dermatome
_____ means “of the root”, the spinal nerve is the combination of the nerve roots from that spinal segment
radicular
____ ____: when a sense has receptors distributed throughout the body in various tissue types (pain, temp, motion)
general sense
____ ___: receptors located in one part of the body, they have a special sense organ dedicated to them and often have dedicated interpretation areas in the brain as well (vision, touch, taste)
special sense
___ sense: they do not have distinct receptors, integrating data from several types of sensory categories
?
______receptors sense mechanical forces
mechanoreceptors
____ receptors sense temperature
thermoreceptors
_____receptors sense potential damage
nociceptors
______ receptors sense position
proprioceptors
_____ receptors sense movement
kinesthetic
_____ receptors sense movement
kinesthetic
_____receptors sense humidity
hydro
_____receptors sense osmolarity
osmoreceptors
____receptors sense blood pressure
baroreceptors
____receptors sense chemicals
chemoreceptors
____receptors sense electricity
electroreceptors
_____receptors sense electromagnetic radiation
electromagnetic receptors
____receptors sense magnetic fields
magnetorceptors
_____receptors are chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors in organs
visceroreceptors
____ nerve endings are unmyelinated, very common and found in skin
free
_____ receptors are bulbous, lamellar, and encapsulated in a structure to attune them to specific stimuli like detecting vibrations
encapsulated
____ cells: the receptor is a complex distinct cell that synapses with the first order neurons - used for special senses
specialized
____: priority of the sensory system to keep track of new or worrisome stimuli
adaptation
____ receptors adapt slowly to a stimulus, continuing to produce action potentials for the duration of the stimulus
tonic
____ receptors adapt rapidly to a stimulus, these allow the body to ignore constant unimportant information like the constant pressure of your clothes on your body
phasic
____ threshold receptors are categorized by how sensitive they are to their adequate stimulus
firing
_____ threshold receptors are sensitive, immediately responding to stimulus
low
______ threshold receptors have a higher activation threshold, used to detect harm or potential harm to tissues, sensitive to chemicals and extreme temperatures
high
_____ the process of second-order neurons carrying information
contralateral
from one side of the brain to the other
decussation
the dorsal horn is divided into 6 layers or _____
laminae
_____ neurons are the thalamus’s communication channels
third order
the _____ is essential to sensory system function
thalamus
thalamic neurons have ____ and _____ modes
burst and tonic
______ is used to alert brain centres they are about to receive new info
burst
______ is used to transmit the info to the brain centre
tonic
the ______ is where rudimentary of a stimulus or event occur and plays a role in central modulation
thalamus
the sensory cortex consists of the ____ and _____ cortexes
primary and secondary
______ organization: all incoming date related to an occurance in a body part arrives and coalesces in the S1 for that body part
homunculus
S1 is organized ______
somatotopically
____ ______ is the perfect example of a convergence problem
referred pain
signals from the ____ are easily misinterpreted as coming from the tissues of the left arm
heart
T/F deeper structures are less thoroughly served by 1st order neurons and less likely to generate day to day sensation
true
T/F it is common for people to have hypersensitivity in perviously traumatized tissues
true
T/F referred pain can be customized by the brain based on individual history, adding another level of challenge in assessing pt symptoms
true
_______ _____: when neurons that normally carry afferent signals from a tissue location are activated, but not at the receptors
proximal depolarization
an example of proximal depolarization is ______
TOS (thoracic outlet syndrome)
another example of proximal depolarization is ______ _____ syndrome
carpal tunnel syndrome
T/F proximal depolarization also occurs in the spine
true
symptoms of proximal depolarization can occur in the spine due to _____ or ______
bone spurs, inflammation
______ ____: experience in a body part that is no longer present (does not only apply to limbs)
phantom phenomena
phantom phenomena can be initiated in 2 ways _______ ______ or ____ generated
proximal depolarization or brain generated
T/F phantom phenomena is always painful
false
with phantom phenomena, there is often a sense of _____ _____ for the part that the person feels aware of
energy fields
Adaptations such as ______ being in the sensory cortex zone for the missing part
telescoping
T/F people born without body parts do not experience phantom sensation
false, but they do not have the same developed sense of their existence
