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T3 Systems :( > CNS Classes 1-3 > Flashcards

CNS Classes 1-3 Flashcards

1
Q

the _____ is made up of the brain and spinal cord

A

CNS

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2
Q

the autonomic NS is sometimes referred to as the _____ NS

A

vegetative

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3
Q

the ____ is made up of cranial nerves, spinal nerves and anything NS related outside of the brain and SC

A

PNS

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4
Q

the boundary between CNS & PNS is known as the ______ foramen

A

intervertebral

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5
Q

Motor neurons aka ____ neurons conduct signals from the CNS to the effectors

A

efferent

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6
Q

sensory neurons aka ______ neurons, conduct signals from receptors to the CNS

A

afferent

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7
Q

the _____ is voluntary while the ____ is involuntary

A

SNS, ANS

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8
Q

the sympathetic NS is responsible for the _____ ______ response

A

fight or flight

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9
Q

the _______ NS is responsible for the rest and digest response

A

parasympathetic

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10
Q

parenchymal cells are aka ____ cells

A

functional cells

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11
Q

_____ extend form the neuron cell body and received messages from other neurons

A

dendrites

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12
Q

_____ extend from the cell body and often give rise to many smaller branches before ending at nerve terminals

A

axons

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13
Q

______ send signals using action potentials

A

neurons

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14
Q

____ are the contact points where one neuron communicates with another

A

synapse

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15
Q

______ neurons usually have one process and are mostly found in invertebrates

A

unipolar

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16
Q

______ neurons are usually an oval shape, containing 2 processes, found in the retina (for example)

A

bipolar

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17
Q

_______ neurons are an axon splitting into one branch terminating in the periphery while the second branch terminates in the spinal cord

A

pseudounipolar

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18
Q

______ neurons have many dendrites that can originate from different regions of a cell body, varying in shape and size

A

multipolar

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19
Q

____ are diverse cells providing developmental, physiological and mental support for neurons while maintaining homeostasis

A

neuroglia

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20
Q

______ ____ are extended and modified plasma membranes wrapped around an axon

A

myelin sheaths

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21
Q

____ cells myelinate axons in the PNS

A

schwann cells

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22
Q

_____ cells regulate nutrient and neurotransmitter levels around neuron cell bodies in the ganglia

A

satellite

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23
Q

_____ perform 3 main functions

A

astrocytes

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24
Q

which of the following are functions of astrocytes:

a) maintaining the BBB
b) gliosis/astrocytosis
c) provide structural support
d) all of the above

A

d) all of the above

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25
Q

T/F astrocytes can alert macrophages if an immune response is needed

A

true

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26
Q

____ myelinate axons in the CNS

A

oligodendrocytes

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27
Q

when oligodendrocytes are attacked by MS is results in lesions of demyelinated neurons called _____

A

plaques

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28
Q

_____ line ventricles in the brain and spinal cord

A

ependymal cells

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29
Q

_____ cells continue to divide and replicate throughout life

A

labile

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30
Q

give an example of labile cells

A

epithelial cells

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31
Q

____ cells are smooth muscle cells and normally stop dividing when growth stops

A

stable

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32
Q

give an example of stable cells

A

hepatocytes

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33
Q

T/F permanent cells can undergo mitotic division

A

false, they cannot

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34
Q

once permanent or fixed cells are destroyed they are replaced by _____ _____ tissue

A

fibrous scar tissue

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35
Q

_____ is the ability of the brain to form and recognize synaptic connection

A

neuroplasticity

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36
Q

______ is when the axon is damaged but the endoneurium and most of the surrounding myelin sheath is still intact

A

axonotmesis

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37
Q

another term for wallerian degeneration is _______

A

anterograde

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38
Q

anterograde degeneration happens at the distal end of the axon ____ - ____ days after the injury

A

7-21

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39
Q

_____ means nerve divided, the endoneurium is no longer intact

A

neurotmesis

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40
Q

T/F when neurotmesis take place axonal regeneration is unlikely due to the myelin sheath being more severely damaged

A

true

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41
Q

T/F injured cells in the CNS regenerate

A

false

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42
Q

T/F CNS cells are highly metabolically active

A

true

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43
Q

the following are different ways cell ____ can occur

compression, direct trauma, infections and poisons/toxins

A

death

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44
Q

______ is the input of sensory information from a body part to the brain

A

afferentation

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45
Q

if an infection is caused by bacteria it is

a)pyogenic
b)lymphocytic
c) granulomatous

A

a) pyogenic

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46
Q

if an infection is caused by a virus it is

a) granulomatous
b) lymphocytic
c)myelitis

A

b) lymphocytic

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47
Q

if an infection is caused by fungi, yeast or super bacteria it is

a)meningitis
b) pyogenic
c)granulomatous

A

c) granulomatous

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48
Q

_____ is a bacterial infection in the parenchyma

A

encephalitis

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49
Q

meningitis is a viral infection attacking the brains ___ ____

A

protective membranes

50
Q

_____ is fungi, yeast, or super bacteria in the spinal cord parenchyma

A

myelitis

51
Q

____ meningitis is fungi,yeast or super bacteria in the spinal cord membranes

A

spinal

52
Q

_____/____ information is carried from the body’s tissue via receptors

A

afferent/sensory

53
Q

_____/______ information is caused by transmission of directive signals from the CNS effectors in the body tissues

A

efferent/ motor

54
Q

incoming sensory info triggers automatic efferent reaction without having to reach the brain, this is called a ______

A

reflex

55
Q

data that is carried as afferent transmission along the neurons of sensory system into the CNS for interpretation and response is referred to as ____ input

A

sensory

56
Q

an example of sensation receptors include _______ and _____

A

olfactory receptors and nociceptors

57
Q

T/F all sensation is assigned by the brain

A

true

58
Q

the distal receptors at the end of afferent neurons are called ____ ____ neurons

A

first order neurons

59
Q

first order neurons aka supply tissues are meant to convey the transmission to the ____ ____ with synapses occuring in the dorsal horn or brainstem

A

spinal cord

60
Q

______ or sensory neurons carry the afferentation to the thalamus

A

secondary

61
Q

the ____ is the reception/relay station for the brain

a)hippocampus
b)thalamus
c) cerebellum

A

b) thalamus

62
Q

the thalamus is in charge of sensation being conveyed via the tertiary or third order neurons to the _______ cortex

A

somatosensory

63
Q

T/F each first-order neuron’s receptor is located in the tissue it is responsible for sensing and reporting about, it generates info about specific stimulus (receptive field)

A

true

64
Q

the ____ branches of the first-order neurons for a tissue area are bundled in fascicles

A

peripheral

65
Q

T/F peripheral branches are grouped together into peripheral nerves

A

true

66
Q

T/F peripheral nerves each carry a group of neurons that sense the same tissue and all report to the same spinal cord segment

A

false, they do not all report to the same spinal cord segment

67
Q

a ____ nerve contains all the neurons whose functions correspond to one spinal cord level

A

spinal

68
Q

spinal nerves pattern of skin responsibility is called its _____

A

dermatome

69
Q

_____ means “of the root”, the spinal nerve is the combination of the nerve roots from that spinal segment

A

radicular

70
Q

____ ____: when a sense has receptors distributed throughout the body in various tissue types (pain, temp, motion)

A

general sense

71
Q

____ ___: receptors located in one part of the body, they have a special sense organ dedicated to them and often have dedicated interpretation areas in the brain as well (vision, touch, taste)

A

special sense

72
Q

___ sense: they do not have distinct receptors, integrating data from several types of sensory categories

A

?

73
Q

______receptors sense mechanical forces

A

mechanoreceptors

74
Q

____ receptors sense temperature

A

thermoreceptors

75
Q

_____receptors sense potential damage

A

nociceptors

76
Q

______ receptors sense position

A

proprioceptors

77
Q

_____ receptors sense movement

A

kinesthetic

78
Q

_____ receptors sense movement

A

kinesthetic

79
Q

_____receptors sense humidity

A

hydro

80
Q

_____receptors sense osmolarity

A

osmoreceptors

81
Q

____receptors sense blood pressure

A

baroreceptors

82
Q

____receptors sense chemicals

A

chemoreceptors

83
Q

____receptors sense electricity

A

electroreceptors

84
Q

_____receptors sense electromagnetic radiation

A

electromagnetic receptors

85
Q

____receptors sense magnetic fields

A

magnetorceptors

86
Q

_____receptors are chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors in organs

A

visceroreceptors

87
Q

____ nerve endings are unmyelinated, very common and found in skin

A

free

88
Q

_____ receptors are bulbous, lamellar, and encapsulated in a structure to attune them to specific stimuli like detecting vibrations

A

encapsulated

89
Q

____ cells: the receptor is a complex distinct cell that synapses with the first order neurons - used for special senses

A

specialized

90
Q

____: priority of the sensory system to keep track of new or worrisome stimuli

A

adaptation

91
Q

____ receptors adapt slowly to a stimulus, continuing to produce action potentials for the duration of the stimulus

A

tonic

92
Q

____ receptors adapt rapidly to a stimulus, these allow the body to ignore constant unimportant information like the constant pressure of your clothes on your body

A

phasic

93
Q

____ threshold receptors are categorized by how sensitive they are to their adequate stimulus

A

firing

94
Q

_____ threshold receptors are sensitive, immediately responding to stimulus

A

low

95
Q

______ threshold receptors have a higher activation threshold, used to detect harm or potential harm to tissues, sensitive to chemicals and extreme temperatures

A

high

96
Q

_____ the process of second-order neurons carrying information
contralateral
from one side of the brain to the other

A

decussation

97
Q

the dorsal horn is divided into 6 layers or _____

A

laminae

98
Q

_____ neurons are the thalamus’s communication channels

A

third order

99
Q

the _____ is essential to sensory system function

A

thalamus

100
Q

thalamic neurons have ____ and _____ modes

A

burst and tonic

101
Q

______ is used to alert brain centres they are about to receive new info

A

burst

102
Q

______ is used to transmit the info to the brain centre

A

tonic

103
Q

the ______ is where rudimentary of a stimulus or event occur and plays a role in central modulation

A

thalamus

104
Q

the sensory cortex consists of the ____ and _____ cortexes

A

primary and secondary

105
Q

______ organization: all incoming date related to an occurance in a body part arrives and coalesces in the S1 for that body part

A

homunculus

106
Q

S1 is organized ______

A

somatotopically

107
Q

____ ______ is the perfect example of a convergence problem

A

referred pain

108
Q

signals from the ____ are easily misinterpreted as coming from the tissues of the left arm

A

heart

109
Q

T/F deeper structures are less thoroughly served by 1st order neurons and less likely to generate day to day sensation

A

true

110
Q

T/F it is common for people to have hypersensitivity in perviously traumatized tissues

A

true

111
Q

T/F referred pain can be customized by the brain based on individual history, adding another level of challenge in assessing pt symptoms

A

true

112
Q

_______ _____: when neurons that normally carry afferent signals from a tissue location are activated, but not at the receptors

A

proximal depolarization

113
Q

an example of proximal depolarization is ______

A

TOS (thoracic outlet syndrome)

114
Q

another example of proximal depolarization is ______ _____ syndrome

A

carpal tunnel syndrome

115
Q

T/F proximal depolarization also occurs in the spine

A

true

116
Q

symptoms of proximal depolarization can occur in the spine due to _____ or ______

A

bone spurs, inflammation

117
Q

______ ____: experience in a body part that is no longer present (does not only apply to limbs)

A

phantom phenomena

118
Q

phantom phenomena can be initiated in 2 ways _______ ______ or ____ generated

A

proximal depolarization or brain generated

119
Q

T/F phantom phenomena is always painful

A

false

120
Q

with phantom phenomena, there is often a sense of _____ _____ for the part that the person feels aware of

A

energy fields

121
Q

Adaptations such as ______ being in the sensory cortex zone for the missing part

A

telescoping

122
Q

T/F people born without body parts do not experience phantom sensation

A

false, but they do not have the same developed sense of their existence

T3 Systems :( (12 decks)

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