Cancer Classes 1-3 Flashcards
______ a term used to describe a large group of diseases that are characterized by cellular malfunction
cancer
which of the following are causes of cancer?
a) aging
b) environmental factors
c)chance
d) all of the above
d) all of the above
______ ______: cells are produced, they mature, then they die
cell proliferation
____ _____: process by which stem and progenitor cells evolve into specialized cells
cell differentiation
_____ ______: reduction of the number and size of parenchymal cells
cellular atrophy
_____ ______: increase in size of parenchymal cells
cellular hypertrophy
____ _______: increase in number of parenchymal cells (may be normal or normal)
cellular hyperplasia
_______: reversible adaptive changes in cell differentiation ( no mutations, only functional change)
metaplasia
_______: abnormal growth, may or may not develop into malignancy, can be high or low grade “pre-cancerous lesion”
dysplasia
high-grade dysplasia is aka ______ in ______
carcinoma in situ
another word for tumor is ______
neoplasm
T/F tumors can be parasitic on the nutritional and hormonal supplies of the host structure
true
_____: tumor growth or mass
neoplasia
neoplasms can be _____ or _____
benign or malignant
2 key characteristics that are exclusive to cancer are _____ & _____
metastasis & anaplasia
______: capacity of cells to leave one tissue area, migrate to distal sites and establish new populations of cells (the leading cause of death from cancer)
metastasis
T/F when cancer stays where it begins it is very treatable
true
T/F cancer cells are very responsive
false, they do whatever they want
cancer spreads from the original tumor by ___ mechanisms
a) 2
b)3
c) 4
c)4
T/F cancer can spread through body cavities
true (1/4 ways for it to spread)
progressive _____ local invasion of other nearby structures is one of 4 ways cancer spreads
direct
______ ______ is when cancer spreads to a different site via the bloodstream
hematogenous metastasis
_____ _____ is when cancer spreads to distant sites via the lymphatic system
lymphogenous metastasis
_______: mutations in cellular genetic makeup that make the cells more “stem cell-like” making them able to launch new populations of renegade cells like themselves
anaplasia
T/F there are at least 6 stages of genetic mutation before metastasis
false, there are atleast 10
when taking a biopsy, they are looking for _____ as it is exclusive to cancer
anaplasia
T/F massage therapy promotes metastasis
false
the _____ - ______ mechanical theory of metastasis: the thought that manual therapy caused or promoted metastasis
1920-1930
stage one of metastasis is _____ _____
genetic mutation
the second stage of metastasis is _____ _____
cell shedding
the third stage of metastasis happens when cells leave the _____ tumor and move into the bloodstream or ____ channels
primary, lymph
T/F cancer cells are less likely to survive once separated from the primary tumor
true
the fourth stage of metastasis is _____ of shed cancer cells at a secondary site
implantation
_____ _____: when the cancer type determines metastasis
tissue affinity
T/F specific cancer types prefer specific environments
true
T/F some organs do not have the right growth factors for certain cancers
true
prostatic cancer secondary cells will set up in the ____ ____
low spine
T/F there is a relationship between the architecture of the vasculature system and cancer metastasis
false
when treating a cancer patient, be sure to promote ______ and reduce ____
relaxation, stress
when treating a cancer pt, optimize _______ healing
post surgical
when treating a cancer patient who has had surgery you want to ______ scar tissue fibres and make sure the scar tissue is _____
realign, mobile
something we want to maintain in all treatments is ______ and _____
mobility and function
T/F MX may help reduce the need for medications
true
MX will help promote better _____ of sleep
quality
mx can help decrease ______ and ______ in cancer patients
nausea and constipation
T/F mx can assist in decreasing symptoms of anxiety and depression
true
treating cancer patients allows them a sense of acceptance of their new body and reduction of _______ tendencies
disconnection
T/F being part of the palliative care team can increase quality of life, mobility and prevent/ detect bed sores
true
what would be the most effective way to treat localized cancer?
removal surgery
______ surgery improves shape or tissue damage of the area that has been affected
reconstructive
______ surgery removes cell tissue from suspected tumors
diagnostic
_______ surgery is preventative surgery, surgeon removes tissue that has high risk of cancer cells i.e breast, ovary
prophylactic
_______is not a primary cancer therapy, relieving sources of pain/discomfort, taking place in the last stages of life
palliation
_____ surgery is to reduce the tumor load which means they have more than one tumor
debulking
____ ____: they take out a swatch of tissue, cell sample periphery or margin. If they do not see cancer cells in the sample they have a good sample
clear margin
what is the expected presentation of post surgical tissue?
SHARP signs
when can we start on-site treatment to a post-surgical incision?
a) 1-3 weeks post-op
b) ASAP
c) only in the chronic stage of healing
b) ASAP
what are some usual post-surgical considerations/precautions for a patient with any recent surgical procedure?
trauma to the body, hygiene (incision), traction/ PROM, positioning
what are some absolute general contraindications for treating a post-op patient?
fever, septicemia, px unwillingness, unstable vital signs, certain drugs
_____ tissue is very delicate and cannot withstand pressure for the first 5 days
granulation tissue
a possible keloid scar can occur _____-_____ days into the healing process
7-10
T/F there will be more work to be done to the scar if you begin at the 4-6 week mark (in cases of the general population, not cancer patients)
true
T/F when doing scar work for cancer patients post-op it is much harder to follow a typical timeline
true
T/F you should wait about 3 weeks to begin manual scar work on a cancer patient however it varies from patient to patient
true
T/F if clear margins are achieved it is not a high level of concern for massage (pick and choose appropriate tech)
true
T/F if clear margins are NOT achieved it is still okay to treat as you normally would
False, this is a definite concern for massage and you should check in with their health care provider first
increased risk of coagulation problems in cancer patients depends on the cancer ____, and the ______ they are on
type, medications
T/F some cancer types promote clots and others promote haemorrhage/brusing
true
Post- op healing time frames in cancer patients will vary from very _____ to no healing at all, to _____ (a lot of unpredictability)
normal, hypertrophy
______ may be a factor in the post-op healing time of cancer patients
malnutrition
chemo and radiation post- op can ____ or completely stop healing; possibly even reverse it
delay
T/F extra structures may be removed during surgery to ensure success
true
issues with scars can cause ______ ROM
decreased
T/F we do not have to modify hydrotherapy for metal plates
false
being aware of ______ of the patient is important if they have an ostomy bag
positioning
T/F scar tissue from cancer surgery 10 years ago can release entrapped cancer cells in the tissue if applying frictions or other techniques
false
