CNS Classes 4-6 Flashcards
________ modulation; modifiers of afferent transmission as it travels from the tissues to the brain eg: local inhibition in the dorsal horn and
ascending
______ modulation takes place in the CNS
descending
endogenous opioids released by the brain are called ______ & ______ these are the bodies version of morphine or heroin
endorphins & enkephalins
the ______ initiates a complex intercommunication process that results in the release of modulators from brainstem zones like the raphe nuclei
PAG (periaqueductal grey area)
T/F the PAG “closes the gate” and inhibits the firing of second-order neurons themselves
true
_______ & ________ can also produce effects in the spinal cord
endorphins and enkephalins
T/F endorphins and enkephalins can be impaired by different traumas and pathologies
true
which of the following can alter central modulation in ways that affect the sensory experience?
a) mood
b) mental health
c) traumatic history
d) all of the above
d) all of the above
T/F anxiety does not increase one’s experience of pain
false
T/F the predominance in the sympathetic nervous system activation enhances pain perception
true
_____ ______ is rendered less effective especially if dysfunctional stress becomes entrenches and when anxiety is present
central modulation
_______ _________; signals coming from sensory receptors along first-order neurons, these are normal and should not cause pain
Central sensitization
in the ______ horn of the spinal cord signals of central sensitization are amplified and by the time they reach the brain what should have been a normal message is transformed into a message of pain
dorsal
T/F central sensitization is often used to describe situations where a persons history of physical or emotional trauma creates hyper facilitation of pain along with reduced descending modulation
true
central sensitization mechanisms can be completed by _____ _____ and ______
speed sequencing and synchronicity
speed sequencing and synchronicity means the person is expressing mental or emotional distress as ______ symptoms
physical
T/F central sensitization is linked to anxiety and depression
true
anxiety, pain and distress cause depression by depleting ______, ______, endogenous opioids and norepinephrine volumes in the CNS
serotonin, dopamine
T/F there are many ways that damage and disease can add to the brains interpretation difficulties
true
some things that may cause brain interpretation difficulties include ______ loss, inflammation & _______
neuron loss, inflammation and edema
ischemia, compression, and demyelination are additional factors causing _____ challenges
interpretation
T/F a cluster of demyelinated axons will transmit slower than same function neurons that are intact
true
when a cluster of demyelinated axons are transmitting, rather than receiving information smoothly, the ______ receives info in disordered batches producing a more confusing interpretation
thalamus
______ pain, a common phenomenon where there is irritation/ damage in the sensory nervous system
neuropathic
_______ is the absence of any sensation; stimulus does not produce any of the expected sensation
anaesthesia
________ is diminished sensation; the experience matches the nature of the stimulus but less strong than expected
hypaesthesia
________; heightened or exaggerated sensation
hyperaesthesia
_______; abnormal sensation e.g pins and needles, ants crawling on skin
paraesthesia
________; when a paresthetic sensation is painful, can be described as hot pokers, electric burning etc.
dysaesthesia
___________; instead of the expected sensation, an innocuous stimulus results in pain
dysdiadochokinesia
________; this can be caused by local nerve damage or irritation, problems in the CNS or central modulation
Allodynia
________; when the response to a stimulus is weak, and the sensation experienced is not as strong as predicted
hypalgesia
_________, heightened sensitivity to painful stimuli, unexpectedly strong pain intensity
hyperalgesia/hyperalgia
the ______ ______ is the “ceo” of the brain
motor cortex
T/F the motor cortex is involved in controlling voluntary movements
true
the motor cortex is in charge of carrying out _____ directed movements
goal
the primary higher motor centre for dexterity and fine motor control is the ____ ____
motor cortex
________ _______; some degree of reduced tone in the motor system, creating a lower resting tone and weaker/ slower recruitment of power
generalized hypotonia
this makes up 10% of the brain’s total volume but accounts for over 50% of its neurons
the cerebellum
responsibilities of the cerebellum include…
monitoring incoming sensory info, overall coordination
T/F the cerebellum is in charge of the body’s motor adjustment to the horizon and gravity
true
_________/________; generalized discoordination
dyssynergia/asynergia
______ ______; tremors during purposeful activity, initiating and intensifying as the activity progresses
intention tremor
________; failure to pinpoint, inability to bring a body part back to accurate efficient path to a target
dysmetria
________; eyes shimmy back and forth
nystagmus
__________; impaired ability to perform rapidly alternating movements
dysdiadochokinesia
_______ of ________; person breaks down the motor activities by doing them one at a time and requiring effort and focus
decomposition of movement
______ _______; the decomposition of speech
scanning speech
______ of motor ______; difficulty recalling/ repeating previously learned activity
impairments of motor memory
________; hallucination of movement, either of the persons body, external factors, or both
vertigo
disorders of ______ and _______; impaired ability to maintain center of gravity in static positions and while moving
balance and equilibrium
_______/_______; when a person walks with lurching or staggering gait, typically wide a wider stance than “normal”
dystaxia/ ataxia
T/F dystaxia is milder than ataxia
true
_____ ______ dysfunctions normally include; resting tremors, hypokinesia, akinesia and bradykinesia
basal ganglia
disorders of _____ control include tremors, and improper stabilization
postural
_______; impaired reciprocal inhibition failure of the agonist-antagonist relationship (simultaneous concentric contraction occurrence)
rigidity
______ _____ rigidity; consistent movement resistance
lead pipe
__________ rigidity; stop/start movement resistance
cogwheel
_______ rigidity; often referred to as the parkinsonian mask
facial
_______; often described as a shuffling gait, may include postural tremor (in people with Parkinson’s usually)
festination
_____: sudden sharp contractions, typically of the facial muscles. Can happen singularity or in succession
tic
_____; writhing like a snake, usually occurring bilaterally at the wrists
athetosis
______; dance like sequence of movements travelling along the affected body parts in the same pattern
chorea
______, large scale explosive sudden movement of a body part
ballism
_______; body part migrates into extreme position and “freezes” there for a period of time
dystonia
_____; body part enacts a circular or cyclical swaying movement usually repeated in a loop
dyskinesia
T/F during treatment, the more relaxed a person lessens the likelihood of recruiting early protective mechanisms in response
true
T/F when treating a patient with rigidity, it makes more sense to focus on relaxation last
false, begin the treatment with relaxation techniques
T/F if the patient has dysphagia they can be in any position on the table
false, lying flat in supine may promote choking - opt for semi fowlers
T/F rigid muscles are prone to ischemia
true
improving _________helps reduce tone in muscles generally, even more so in hypertonic muscles
circulation
T/F heat or heat based contrast are the best hydrotherapy modes when treating a patient with rigidity
true
T/F joint mobilization techniques can increase joint related circulation
true
_________; the result of fascial elements passively conforming to holding patterns
contracture
contractures can decrease ______ and _____ reflex responses, increasing tone in rigid muscles
mobility, stretch reflex
T/F muscle energy techniques are useful when working on a patient with rigidity
true
the most effective reflex technique when working on a patient with rigidity will be _____ release
GTO
which of the following would be the LEAST effective technique to use on a patient with rigidity?
a) GTO
b) reciprocal inhibition
c) mm stripping
d) warm hydrotherapy
b) reciprocal inhibition
T/F when working with patients with rigidity, minimizing contracture and maximizing joint health are key
true
T/F it is best to treat when the patients rigidity influencing medication is in full force
true
_____ ______; receiving inputs from multiple areas within each hemisphere integrating incoming sensory information and form connections between sensory and motor areas
association areas
association areas work together on the same function such as ______ or ______ safety, creation / ______, and moving from place to place
fight or flight safety, creation/ invention
________ association areas stimulate the HMCs to act
cortical
_______/ transverse fibers (Axons) connect the corresponding regions across the two cerebral hemispheres eg. corpus callosum
commissural
______ fibers; connect the cortex and lower parts of the brain and spinal cord
projection
there are two major descending systems of projection fibers; ______ and _______
pyramidal and extrapyramidal
the pyramidal system is the pathway for ______ movement
voluntary
the extrapyramidal system is the pathway for ______ control
involuntary
most fibres of the pyramidal system originate in the ____ ____
motor cortex
most fibres in the pyramidal system cross to the contralateral side at the ______
medulla
pathways for coordination of movement, postural control, and muscle tone are found in the _____ system
extrapyramidal
the _____ system is responsible for skilled movement
pyramidal
the ____ system’s main purpose is to dampen erratic movements, maintain muscle tone, and truncal support/ stability
extrapyramidal
the pyramidal system divides into two tracts ______ and ______
corticospinal and corticobulbar
the extrapyramidal system divides into 4 tracts ______, ______, ______ and _______
rubrospinal, tectospinal, vestibulospinal and reticulospinal
the _______ tract synapses directly in the anterior/ ventral horn of the spinal cord with interneurons and the lower motor neurons innervating the muscles in the limbs and trunk
corticospinal
the _____ tract synapses directly with the cranial neurons to control muscular movements of the face head and neck
corticobulbar
T/F a lesion on the pyramidal pathway will cause loss of distal motor function in the opposite side of the body
true
the __________ tract originates from the red nucleus and terminates at synapsing with interneurons in the spinal cord
rubrospinal
the ________ tract is responsible for modulation of flexor muscle tone and reflex activity/ inhibition of antigravity muscles
rubrospinal
the _______ tract originates from the superior colliculus of the midbrain and is responsible for mediating reflex responses to visual stimuli
tectospinal
involuntary adjustments of head position in response to visual information comes from the ________ tract
tectospinal
the ________ tract connects from the vestibular nuclei (within the brainstem) and are essential for a number of reflex actions performed by the body
vestibulospinal
T/F the vestibulospinal tract decussates
false
the __________ tract originates in the reticular formation and does NOT decussate, subdivided into medial and lateral tracts
reticulospinal
T/F the three HMCs (motor cortex, cerebellum, and basal ganglia) work together and depend on each other
true
T/F the brain regions that have direct control over the spinal cord, include, the brainstem and cerebral cortex
true
T/F brainstem pathways that project to the spinal cord exclude the extrapyramidal, reticulospinal, vestibulospinal, rubrospinal and tectospinal cords
false
the cerebral cortex gives rise to both pyramidal ______ &______ fibers
corticospinal, corticobulbar
the _____ _____ participate in the control of movement by receiving significant inputs from the cerebral cortex
basal ganglia
the ______ receives inputs from most parts of the CNS that contribute to motor function
cerebellum
