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T3 Systems :( > CNS Classes 4-6 > Flashcards

CNS Classes 4-6 Flashcards

1
Q

________ modulation; modifiers of afferent transmission as it travels from the tissues to the brain eg: local inhibition in the dorsal horn and

A

ascending

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2
Q

______ modulation takes place in the CNS

A

descending

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3
Q

endogenous opioids released by the brain are called ______ & ______ these are the bodies version of morphine or heroin

A

endorphins & enkephalins

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4
Q

the ______ initiates a complex intercommunication process that results in the release of modulators from brainstem zones like the raphe nuclei

A

PAG (periaqueductal grey area)

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5
Q

T/F the PAG “closes the gate” and inhibits the firing of second-order neurons themselves

A

true

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6
Q

_______ & ________ can also produce effects in the spinal cord

A

endorphins and enkephalins

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7
Q

T/F endorphins and enkephalins can be impaired by different traumas and pathologies

A

true

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8
Q

which of the following can alter central modulation in ways that affect the sensory experience?

a) mood
b) mental health
c) traumatic history
d) all of the above

A

d) all of the above

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9
Q

T/F anxiety does not increase one’s experience of pain

A

false

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10
Q

T/F the predominance in the sympathetic nervous system activation enhances pain perception

A

true

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11
Q

_____ ______ is rendered less effective especially if dysfunctional stress becomes entrenches and when anxiety is present

A

central modulation

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12
Q

_______ _________; signals coming from sensory receptors along first-order neurons, these are normal and should not cause pain

A

Central sensitization

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13
Q

in the ______ horn of the spinal cord signals of central sensitization are amplified and by the time they reach the brain what should have been a normal message is transformed into a message of pain

A

dorsal

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14
Q

T/F central sensitization is often used to describe situations where a persons history of physical or emotional trauma creates hyper facilitation of pain along with reduced descending modulation

A

true

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15
Q

central sensitization mechanisms can be completed by _____ _____ and ______

A

speed sequencing and synchronicity

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16
Q

speed sequencing and synchronicity means the person is expressing mental or emotional distress as ______ symptoms

A

physical

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17
Q

T/F central sensitization is linked to anxiety and depression

A

true

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18
Q

anxiety, pain and distress cause depression by depleting ______, ______, endogenous opioids and norepinephrine volumes in the CNS

A

serotonin, dopamine

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19
Q

T/F there are many ways that damage and disease can add to the brains interpretation difficulties

A

true

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20
Q

some things that may cause brain interpretation difficulties include ______ loss, inflammation & _______

A

neuron loss, inflammation and edema

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21
Q

ischemia, compression, and demyelination are additional factors causing _____ challenges

A

interpretation

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22
Q

T/F a cluster of demyelinated axons will transmit slower than same function neurons that are intact

A

true

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23
Q

when a cluster of demyelinated axons are transmitting, rather than receiving information smoothly, the ______ receives info in disordered batches producing a more confusing interpretation

A

thalamus

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24
Q

______ pain, a common phenomenon where there is irritation/ damage in the sensory nervous system

A

neuropathic

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25
Q

_______ is the absence of any sensation; stimulus does not produce any of the expected sensation

A

anaesthesia

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26
Q

________ is diminished sensation; the experience matches the nature of the stimulus but less strong than expected

A

hypaesthesia

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27
Q

________; heightened or exaggerated sensation

A

hyperaesthesia

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28
Q

_______; abnormal sensation e.g pins and needles, ants crawling on skin

A

paraesthesia

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29
Q

________; when a paresthetic sensation is painful, can be described as hot pokers, electric burning etc.

A

dysaesthesia

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30
Q

___________; instead of the expected sensation, an innocuous stimulus results in pain

A

dysdiadochokinesia

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31
Q

________; this can be caused by local nerve damage or irritation, problems in the CNS or central modulation

A

Allodynia

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32
Q

________; when the response to a stimulus is weak, and the sensation experienced is not as strong as predicted

A

hypalgesia

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33
Q

_________, heightened sensitivity to painful stimuli, unexpectedly strong pain intensity

A

hyperalgesia/hyperalgia

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34
Q

the ______ ______ is the “ceo” of the brain

A

motor cortex

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35
Q

T/F the motor cortex is involved in controlling voluntary movements

A

true

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36
Q

the motor cortex is in charge of carrying out _____ directed movements

A

goal

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37
Q

the primary higher motor centre for dexterity and fine motor control is the ____ ____

A

motor cortex

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38
Q

________ _______; some degree of reduced tone in the motor system, creating a lower resting tone and weaker/ slower recruitment of power

A

generalized hypotonia

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39
Q

this makes up 10% of the brain’s total volume but accounts for over 50% of its neurons

A

the cerebellum

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40
Q

responsibilities of the cerebellum include…

A

monitoring incoming sensory info, overall coordination

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41
Q

T/F the cerebellum is in charge of the body’s motor adjustment to the horizon and gravity

A

true

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42
Q

_________/________; generalized discoordination

A

dyssynergia/asynergia

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43
Q

______ ______; tremors during purposeful activity, initiating and intensifying as the activity progresses

A

intention tremor

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44
Q

________; failure to pinpoint, inability to bring a body part back to accurate efficient path to a target

A

dysmetria

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45
Q

________; eyes shimmy back and forth

A

nystagmus

46
Q

__________; impaired ability to perform rapidly alternating movements

A

dysdiadochokinesia

47
Q

_______ of ________; person breaks down the motor activities by doing them one at a time and requiring effort and focus

A

decomposition of movement

48
Q

______ _______; the decomposition of speech

A

scanning speech

49
Q

______ of motor ______; difficulty recalling/ repeating previously learned activity

A

impairments of motor memory

50
Q

________; hallucination of movement, either of the persons body, external factors, or both

A

vertigo

51
Q

disorders of ______ and _______; impaired ability to maintain center of gravity in static positions and while moving

A

balance and equilibrium

52
Q

_______/_______; when a person walks with lurching or staggering gait, typically wide a wider stance than “normal”

A

dystaxia/ ataxia

53
Q

T/F dystaxia is milder than ataxia

A

true

54
Q

_____ ______ dysfunctions normally include; resting tremors, hypokinesia, akinesia and bradykinesia

A

basal ganglia

55
Q

disorders of _____ control include tremors, and improper stabilization

A

postural

56
Q

_______; impaired reciprocal inhibition failure of the agonist-antagonist relationship (simultaneous concentric contraction occurrence)

A

rigidity

57
Q

______ _____ rigidity; consistent movement resistance

A

lead pipe

58
Q

__________ rigidity; stop/start movement resistance

A

cogwheel

59
Q

_______ rigidity; often referred to as the parkinsonian mask

A

facial

60
Q

_______; often described as a shuffling gait, may include postural tremor (in people with Parkinson’s usually)

A

festination

61
Q

_____: sudden sharp contractions, typically of the facial muscles. Can happen singularity or in succession

A

tic

62
Q

_____; writhing like a snake, usually occurring bilaterally at the wrists

A

athetosis

63
Q

______; dance like sequence of movements travelling along the affected body parts in the same pattern

A

chorea

64
Q

______, large scale explosive sudden movement of a body part

A

ballism

65
Q

_______; body part migrates into extreme position and “freezes” there for a period of time

A

dystonia

66
Q

_____; body part enacts a circular or cyclical swaying movement usually repeated in a loop

A

dyskinesia

67
Q

T/F during treatment, the more relaxed a person lessens the likelihood of recruiting early protective mechanisms in response

A

true

68
Q

T/F when treating a patient with rigidity, it makes more sense to focus on relaxation last

A

false, begin the treatment with relaxation techniques

69
Q

T/F if the patient has dysphagia they can be in any position on the table

A

false, lying flat in supine may promote choking - opt for semi fowlers

70
Q

T/F rigid muscles are prone to ischemia

A

true

71
Q

improving _________helps reduce tone in muscles generally, even more so in hypertonic muscles

A

circulation

72
Q

T/F heat or heat based contrast are the best hydrotherapy modes when treating a patient with rigidity

A

true

73
Q

T/F joint mobilization techniques can increase joint related circulation

A

true

74
Q

_________; the result of fascial elements passively conforming to holding patterns

A

contracture

75
Q

contractures can decrease ______ and _____ reflex responses, increasing tone in rigid muscles

A

mobility, stretch reflex

76
Q

T/F muscle energy techniques are useful when working on a patient with rigidity

A

true

77
Q

the most effective reflex technique when working on a patient with rigidity will be _____ release

A

GTO

78
Q

which of the following would be the LEAST effective technique to use on a patient with rigidity?

a) GTO
b) reciprocal inhibition
c) mm stripping
d) warm hydrotherapy

A

b) reciprocal inhibition

79
Q

T/F when working with patients with rigidity, minimizing contracture and maximizing joint health are key

A

true

80
Q

T/F it is best to treat when the patients rigidity influencing medication is in full force

A

true

81
Q

_____ ______; receiving inputs from multiple areas within each hemisphere integrating incoming sensory information and form connections between sensory and motor areas

A

association areas

82
Q

association areas work together on the same function such as ______ or ______ safety, creation / ______, and moving from place to place

A

fight or flight safety, creation/ invention

83
Q

________ association areas stimulate the HMCs to act

A

cortical

84
Q

_______/ transverse fibers (Axons) connect the corresponding regions across the two cerebral hemispheres eg. corpus callosum

A

commissural

85
Q

______ fibers; connect the cortex and lower parts of the brain and spinal cord

A

projection

86
Q

there are two major descending systems of projection fibers; ______ and _______

A

pyramidal and extrapyramidal

87
Q

the pyramidal system is the pathway for ______ movement

A

voluntary

88
Q

the extrapyramidal system is the pathway for ______ control

A

involuntary

89
Q

most fibres of the pyramidal system originate in the ____ ____

A

motor cortex

90
Q

most fibres in the pyramidal system cross to the contralateral side at the ______

A

medulla

91
Q

pathways for coordination of movement, postural control, and muscle tone are found in the _____ system

A

extrapyramidal

92
Q

the _____ system is responsible for skilled movement

A

pyramidal

93
Q

the ____ system’s main purpose is to dampen erratic movements, maintain muscle tone, and truncal support/ stability

A

extrapyramidal

94
Q

the pyramidal system divides into two tracts ______ and ______

A

corticospinal and corticobulbar

95
Q

the extrapyramidal system divides into 4 tracts ______, ______, ______ and _______

A

rubrospinal, tectospinal, vestibulospinal and reticulospinal

96
Q

the _______ tract synapses directly in the anterior/ ventral horn of the spinal cord with interneurons and the lower motor neurons innervating the muscles in the limbs and trunk

A

corticospinal

97
Q

the _____ tract synapses directly with the cranial neurons to control muscular movements of the face head and neck

A

corticobulbar

98
Q

T/F a lesion on the pyramidal pathway will cause loss of distal motor function in the opposite side of the body

A

true

99
Q

the __________ tract originates from the red nucleus and terminates at synapsing with interneurons in the spinal cord

A

rubrospinal

100
Q

the ________ tract is responsible for modulation of flexor muscle tone and reflex activity/ inhibition of antigravity muscles

A

rubrospinal

101
Q

the _______ tract originates from the superior colliculus of the midbrain and is responsible for mediating reflex responses to visual stimuli

A

tectospinal

102
Q

involuntary adjustments of head position in response to visual information comes from the ________ tract

A

tectospinal

103
Q

the ________ tract connects from the vestibular nuclei (within the brainstem) and are essential for a number of reflex actions performed by the body

A

vestibulospinal

104
Q

T/F the vestibulospinal tract decussates

A

false

105
Q

the __________ tract originates in the reticular formation and does NOT decussate, subdivided into medial and lateral tracts

A

reticulospinal

106
Q

T/F the three HMCs (motor cortex, cerebellum, and basal ganglia) work together and depend on each other

A

true

107
Q

T/F the brain regions that have direct control over the spinal cord, include, the brainstem and cerebral cortex

A

true

108
Q

T/F brainstem pathways that project to the spinal cord exclude the extrapyramidal, reticulospinal, vestibulospinal, rubrospinal and tectospinal cords

A

false

109
Q

the cerebral cortex gives rise to both pyramidal ______ &______ fibers

A

corticospinal, corticobulbar

110
Q

the _____ _____ participate in the control of movement by receiving significant inputs from the cerebral cortex

A

basal ganglia

111
Q

the ______ receives inputs from most parts of the CNS that contribute to motor function

A

cerebellum

T3 Systems :( (12 decks)

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