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NUR 333 Funds II > Diabetes > Flashcards

Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

Endogenous

A

Within the body

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2
Q

Exogenous

A

Outside of body

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3
Q

Insulin Resistance

A

Type 2 diabetic description

Insulin receptors lose sensitivity and therefore stop producing insulin

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4
Q

Polydipsia

A

Excessive thirst due to serum osmolality

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5
Q

Polyuria

A

Frequent urination due to osmotic diuresis, excreting water, loss of K, Na, Cl electrolytes

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6
Q

Polyphagia

A

excessive hunger due to protein and fat catabolism and cellular starvation

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7
Q

Ketones (urine ketones)

A

Indicator of hyperglycemia

If high levels or positive in labs, call HCP

> 300 mg/dL is medical emergency

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8
Q

Basal

A

long acting Insulin

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9
Q

NPO

A

Nothing by mouth

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10
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Low blood glucose

BS <70mg/dL

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11
Q

S/Sx of hypoglycemia

A

sweating
blurry vision
dizziness
anxiety
hunger
irritability
shakiness
fast HR-tachycardia
headache
fatigue
clammy skin
seizures, coma
numbness of fingers and toes

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12
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

High blood glucose levels

BS>300 mg/dL is emergency
BS>600 is crisis situation

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13
Q

Continuous Glucose Monitoring

A

New technology allowing for continuous insulin infusion (subQ)

Patients can monitor through app on device

Costly, can cause infection at insertion site, increased risk of DKA if pump malfunctions

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14
Q

Retinopathy

A

damage to retina

encourage frequent eye exams

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15
Q

Nephropathy

A

1 cause for renal disease

damage to blood vessels in kidneys

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16
Q

Neuropathy

A

damage to nerves

major contributor to amputation

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17
Q

Type 1 Diabetes

A

Usually due to genetic predisposition

Autoimmune disease

No endogenous insulin production

Destruction of beta cells with decreased insulin secretion

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18
Q

What age group is more likely to experience Type 1 diabetes?

A

Younger children

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19
Q

Type 2 Diabetes

A

Insulin receptors lose sensitivity

insulin RESISTANT

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20
Q

What age group is more likely to have Type 2 diabetes?

A

Adults - Older adults

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21
Q

Prealbumin

A

preferred for ACUTE conditions

Normal: 15-36

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22
Q

Albumin

A

indicator for CHRONIC illnesses

Normal: 3.5-5.0

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23
Q

S/Sx of diabetes

A

fatigue
recurring infections
slow wound healing

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24
Q

Nonmodifiable Risk Factors

A

Family Hx
Hx of gestational diabetes
Age (45+)
Race/ethnicity

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25
Q

Modifiable Risk Factors

A

Physical Inactivity
Diet
HTN
High cholesterol
High body fat/weight

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26
Q

Fasting Blood Glucose

A

No food or drink 8 hrs

Normal: <99 mg/dL

Prediabetic: 100-125

Diabetic: >126

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27
Q

Casual Blood Glucose

A

Normal: <200 mg/dL

28
Q

Urine Ketones

A

High ketones = hyperglycemia

> 300 is considered medical emergency

29
Q

Lipid profile

A

HDL
LDL
Triglycerides

May be elevated in DM patients

30
Q

Labs with Diabetes

A

Fasted Blood Glucose
Casual Blood Glucose
Urine ketones
Lipid profile
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
HbA1C

31
Q

What is the oral glucose tolerance test commonly used to diagnose?

A

Gestational DM

Diabetic: >200 mg/dL

32
Q

Hb A1C

A

Average glucose level over 3 months

Normal: 4-6%

Prediabetic: 5.7-6.4%

Diabetic: >6.5%

33
Q

What is the acceptable range for HbA1C in diabetic patients?

A

6-8%

7% is target

34
Q

What type of testing is specific to Type 1 diabetics?

A

Islet cell autoantibody testing

35
Q

Pre-diabetic patient

A

impaired glucose tolerance, impaired fasting glucose or both

typically no sx, but monitor for fatigue, slow wound healing and frequently getting sick

36
Q

What do steroid medications do to the blood sugar levels?

A

make them RISE

37
Q

Educating pt when to call HCP

A

+ urine ketones
BS > 250 mh/dL
fever > 101.5 and not responding to tylenol
feeling disoriented/ change in LOC
persistent N/V/D
inability to tolerate liquids
illness longer than 2 days

38
Q

When to use rapid and short acting insulins

A

before meals

39
Q

When to use background insulin

A

once a day

40
Q

Rapid acting insulin

A

Onset: 10-30 minutes
Peak: 30 min-3hr
Duration: 3-5hr

41
Q

Regular/Short acting insulin

A

Onset: 30 min-1hr
Peak: 2-5 hr
Duration: 5-8hr

42
Q

Intermediate Acting Insulin

A

Onset: 1.5-4hr
Peak: 4-12hr
Duration: 12-18hr

43
Q

Long acting Insulin

A

Onset: 0.8-4hr
Peak: never
Duration: 16-24hr

44
Q

What must you check before administering insulin?

A

Current blood sugar level

45
Q

Insulin is a ____ medication

A

HIGH ALERT

46
Q

Rule of 15

A

(if conscious and able to swallow)

15g simple carbs
recheck FSBG in 15 minutes

47
Q

What meds to give when pt is unconscious and unable to swallow

A

IV D50

IM glucagon

48
Q

What are crisis situations from hyperglycemia

A

DKA Diabetic Ketoacidosis
HHS Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Syndrome

49
Q

Problems to be aware of with insulin pumps

A

Costly
Infection at insertion site
increased risk for DKA if pump malfunctions

50
Q

Macro vascular complications

A

damage to large vessels
coronary arteries
peripheral vascular
cerebral vascular

51
Q

Micro vascular complications

A

retinopathy
nephropathy
neuropathy

52
Q

Who with DM has 4-6x risk of cardiovascular disease

A

Women

53
Q

Who with DM have 2-3x risk of cardiovascular disease

A

Men

54
Q

Neuropathy Risks

A

Lower extremities and feet

Loss of protective sensation

55
Q

Where is albumin synthesized

A

Liver

56
Q

Are complications present at time of diagnosis for Type 1?

A

No

57
Q

Is the clinical presentation of Type 1 diabetes rapid or slow?

A

Rapid, acute onset

58
Q

Is the onset of Type 2 diabetes rapid or slow?

A

Slow

59
Q

Does type 1 diabetes require oral meds?

A

No, type 2 does.

60
Q

Type 1 DM Sx

A

Polydipsia
Polyuria
Polyphagia
fatigue
unintentional weight loss

61
Q

Type 2 Sx

A

Often none
Fatigue
Recurrent infections
May have 3 Ps
vision problems
prolonged wound healing

62
Q

What ethnic groups are more likely to have DM

A

Blacks
Asian americans
hispanics
native hawaiians or pacific islanders
native americans** highest

63
Q

When does gestational diabetes develop

A

during pregnancy

64
Q

Another name for mealtime insulin

A

Bolus

65
Q

Changing subQ injections sites help avoid

A

lipodystrophy

66
Q

What drug should be held before procedures

A

metformin

67
Q

Hyperglycemia S/Sx

A

increased urination
increase appetite
weakness/fatigue
blurred vision
N/V
abdominal cramps
headache

NUR 333 Funds II (9 decks)

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