dezvoltarea senzorio-motorie Flashcards
what is the relationship between perception and action
We taken sensory information and we transform it into perception
Our actions influence the ways in which we perceive the world
Our perception also changes how we act on the world
We need perception to inform and control our actions
what was the study about newborn locomotion to maternal odor
Newborn sense of smell impacts your actions
Newborns supported by a skateboard that meant they could move around before they have natural strength and coordination to do so
They recognised their mother’s smell and they also modified their crawling efficiency in response
what was the experiment about pointing impacting learning
infants learn better about objects that they have chosen
They learn their label
Our actions impact how well we process that cognitive level information
what is piaget’s sensorimotor theory
0-2yo
Period when sensorimotor intelligence developed as the basis for cognitive and imaginal development in childhood
Babies as little scientists
what are experiments investigating sensorimotor theory
Babies were given impossible situations
1 condition: ball went through a wall down a track
They were surprised so they have concept of solidity
Baby given ball - Baby smashed the ball to test solidity
2 condition: Baby saw ball levitate at the end
Baby given the ball and they dropped it
how do we learn to use perception for action
our motor behaviours are controlled by sensory information
our environment males high demands on our motor system: navigating obstacles
how do we see developments in the ways infants and children use sensory information to guide action
By 4.5m babies start showing some orientational adjustment of the hand appropriate to target they are grasping for
By 9 months, they start showing some preparation of grasp to match the size of a target
how do infants use visual guidance of reaching
the first reaches infant make to sounding objects are just as successful in the dark - so they rely more on sound than vision
it’s not until 7 or 8 years that children use visual info to control their reaches in an adult-like way
what is imitation
the copying of someone else’s actions
important for social learning
what did they found in a study about imitations vs emulation in kids and chimpanzees
when box was not see through, both the kids and chimpanzees carried out uneccessary steps to get to a treat
when the box was see through, the chimpanzees did not do the unnecessary steps and they went straight for the outcome that would lead to the treat faster
what is emulation
copying the outcome of someone’s actions
how does imitation develop
it has been suggested that newborn infants can copy others’ actions
mirror neurones
if monkey sees action and performs action, same cells fire up
sensorimotor learning accounts
we get input that corresponds from seeing and doing
we can get mirrors - seeing ourselves
or social mirror from another person
before learning, you have sensory areas for smiling and motor areas for smiling going in different directions
during learning, links become stronger
once u got that link, when u see a smile your motor areas will fire even if you are not smiling
neural mechanisms of action perception
EEG when infant observed and performed reaching action
measure sensorimotor alpha suppression
from observation alone, babies are learning to prepare to move
what does that tells us about motor action observation in infancy
infants recruit their motor system when they observe other’s actions
this motor system activation begins before infant see the action complete
motor system is involved in action prediction from early in life
study of motor emulation
babies are either trained with their foot
or with mouth
then another guy performs action in the way they can’t do it - elbow
you can look wehther they are activating foot area of motor cortex
babies who were trained with their feet activated the foot area during the anticipation period
babies who were trained with their mouth did not activate the foot area
what is facial mimicry
the tendency to spontaneously and unconsciously copy others behaviour
we mimic the facial expressions of others
throught to play a role in emotion recognition and empathy
what is sensorimotor learning
When infants observe actions performed by others, particularly caregivers or parents, their mirror neurone system may be activated, leading to a tendency to mimic or imitate those actions. However, the extent of imitation may vary depending on the frequency and quality of opportunities infants have had to develop mirror neurones specific to those actions.
By mimicking their infants’ facial expressions, parents may provide repeated opportunities for infants to observe and imitate facial movements, potentially facilitating the development of mirror neurones associated with facial expression imitation.
