copilaria

Question 1

When is childhood?

Answer 1

From birth to adolescence (sexual maturity)
Infancy: 0-2 yo
Childhood: 2-adol

A time of innocence and play. before serious hard life.

Question 2

Is childhood a product of society and time?

Answer 2

Yes
In the 17th century there was a different idea of childhood because of:
- decreased life expectancy
- poverty and need for child labour

Question 3

What is play?

Answer 3

Childhood is a time of play and play is very important for development
Children can learn about how the world works through play

Question 4

What is Vygotsky’s socio-cultural theory?

Answer 4

Emphasises the role of culture in cognitive development
Imaginary play is important as a cultural tool for cognitive development (through abstract thinking)

Question 5

Is pretend play a precursor of ToM? (Vygotsky)

Answer 5

ToM is understanding that you have a different perspective to me
Processes required to imagine a banana as a telephone is the same process involved in ToM.
Pretend play emerges just before 2 years of age

this is the precursor to success at false belief

Question 6

How did Freud see childhood in stages?

Answer 6

Oral (0-1y): the need to feed

Anal (1-3y)

Phallic (3-6y)

Latency (6-adolescence)

Genital (adolescence-death)

Question 7

what do the psychosexual stages determine

Answer 7

determination of sexual identity

Freud suggested that if a person experiences unresolved conflicts or difficulties during a particular psychosexual stage, they may become fixated at that stage. This fixation can lead to the development of psychological disorders in adulthood.

Question 8

what are erikson’s psychosocial stages

Answer 8

Trust vs mistrust (0-1y)

Autonomy vs shame and doubt (1-2y)

Initiative vs guild (3-5y)

Industry vs inferiority (6-12y)

Identity vs role confusion (12-19y)

Intimacy vs isolation: 20-40y

Generativity vs stagnation: 40-64y

Integrity vs despair: 65+

Question 9

what do eriksons psychosocial stages determine

Answer 9

determination of social identity
concentrates on lifespan crisis concerning social identity

fixation at certain stages results in neurosis

Question 10

what is piaget’s psychology of intelligence

Answer 10

early and middle childhood is a period of concrete operations in which children develop their abilities to think about (imagine) objects

late childhood (formal operations) concerned the development of an ability to think hypothetically, and in the abstract (deductive reasoning)

Question 11

what are piaget’s stages

Answer 11

sensorimotor period

concrete operations period

formal operations period

Question 12

what is sensorimotor period

Answer 12

0-2y
intelligence is purely practical (action based)
developing symbolic representations

Question 13

what is concrete operations period

Answer 13

1. preoperational (2-7y) - children recapitulate everything they learnt in the sensorimotor period but in the real of thought rather than action
2. concrete operational (7-11y) - develop ability to think logically about objects
   - developing logical thought about the environment

Question 14

what is formal operations period

Answer 14

11+y
intelligence is logical
developing abstract (hypothetical) logical thought

Question 15

what are the 3 core domains of development

Answer 15

1. physical/biological development
   - brain, hormones, motor skills
2. cognitive development
   - language, knowledge, reasoning, problem solving
3. social and emotional development
   - relationships, understanding self and others, emotion regulation, friendships, moral understanding

Question 16

what are the physical changes

Answer 16

body keeps growing

size and shape changes
means child has to continually recalibrate their actions and senses

less need for sleep

hormonal changes at puberty

Question 17

what are the biological changes

Answer 17

increased myelination

synaptic pruning - losing capacity to differentiate phonemes that are not part of our language

prolonged development of frontal lobes

frontal lobes associated with executive function (planning, inhibition, working memory)

brain is still developing until age 25 with frontal cortex last to mature

Question 18

what are the cognitive changes

Answer 18

• onset of language: early childhood: language to communicate, vocab and grammar develop
• logical thought (Piaget): early-late childhood: symbolic reasoning (2y), logical reasoning about concrete objects (6-7y), abstract logical reasoning (11-12y)
• executive function: early childhood - adulthood: continued development of STM and executive abilities, related to frontal lobe development

Question 19

what are the social changes

Answer 19

infancy: babies are almost exclusively reliant on social relationships with their parents

in early childhood they become more interested in peers

Question 21

why are social groups important

Answer 21

social peer group increasingly important

behavioural genetics research indicates importance of non-shared environments

social groups become complex - likely important influences on socioemotional and cognitive development

Question 22

what are the methodological difficulties

Answer 22

persuading a 3 year old to take part can be difficult

Question 23

what are the difficulties with false belief tasks

Answer 23

language limitations: children do not necessarily understand: false belief task

however when the research q is modified to ask where will sally look for ball NOW, then 3 yo pass

Question 24

what else can affect research on children

Answer 24

attention, hunger, tiredness can affect responses

children make assumptions about what we want

Piaget criticised for leading questions

Question 25

how can memory impact research

Answer 25

memory limitations can mask children’s abilitites

e.g.
Transitive inference
Line A bigger than B. Line B bigger than C. Is line A bigger than line C?

Question 26

why is the sample on which we research a problem

Answer 26

Western
Educated
Industrial
Rich
Developed