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What is cognition?
The study of the mental actions that underly human behaviour.
Memory, learning, language
things that we need to do to react appropriately to the environment
What is development?
How mental actions and processes emerge and change over time. Understanding the mechanisms underlying cognition.
can infants process information across modalities
yes but not in the same way as in adulthood
how are infants learning from the beginning
the rapidly developing brain of the fetus is processing stimuli and responding to it
What are some features of a fetus in relation to learning?
Good early sense of smell and taste
An infant has preference for foods the mother consumed during pregnancy.
Newborns prefer the scent of their mother.
Babies recognise songs they were exposed to in the womb.
how do we know they have flavour preferences in foetus
facial expressions
kale - disgusted face
carrot - happy face
how does flavour change sucking behaviour
strength and rate of sucking a dummy
milk flavours which is sweet - they suck harder and harder
sucking becomes stronger with sweetest taste
what is newborn locomotion to maternal odor
skateboard adapted
wheels
newborn baby is not good at moving and coordinating action
they can now orient and move towards the thing they want bc they have been facilitated by this skateboard
track how movements change
newborns moved more towards their mum’s smell
they modified their crawling efficiency - the way they coordinated was more efficient - trying to reach their target
auditory development within the woMB
babies recognise stories, songs and even TV theme tunes they were exposed to in the womb
this is also reflected in their natural activity - see if they are surprised if something has changed- shows they are processing actively this information
newborns cry in their own language
french babies had arising contour
german babies cries had a falling contour
profiles reflected lang they are being exposed to even when they were in the womb
picking up on info from enviornent
very first attempts at verbal communication
what do results suggest
babies are not passive vessels
not all info is equal in infancy
they are learning from world
how do infants shape their own experiences
baby is a social partner
important source - caregivers
human brain is optimised towards social relationships
can newborns detect biological motion
the visual system is primed to notice patterns that give important information = caregiver is approaching or leaving
newborns detect biological motion
face processing in infancy
infant vision is poor
but they have face preference
board that has a representation of a face: 2 dots as eyes, 1 dot as eye
does baby track this object
they turn much more for face representation that no face on the board
babies pay special attention to eyes
eye is most informative areas of face
how do babies process gaze at 5 days old
direct gaze - looking at the baby
averted gaze - looking away from baby
babies look for longer at the direct gaze
where does this special attention come from
attached camera to baby
recorded for hours
took a frame every 5sec
more than 1/4 of 3m old waking hours, consists of faces directly in front of them
they like faces and seeing them all the time
social touch
touch comes online even before audition and olfaction
most mammals are born with poor vision system and they rely on maternal touch to orient
newborns use touch to guide their movements - there is benefits of having skin to skin
affective touch
newborns are a bit hairy
one property of this is that it has nerve fibres for touch that are sensitive to slow caressing touch
these nerve endings are temperature sensitive - more attuned to temp of a hand
affective touch - reward areas of the brain and attention networks of the brain
bc baby is having responses, this conditions caregiver to keep giving this touch
affective touch may help build our sense of self
provides info about the body both from within (interoception) and the outside world (exteroception)
if infants are brushed at the slow gentle rate that activates C-tactile fibres, they respond more to corresponding visual info - learning touch they feel from inside goes with action they are feeling from outside
Action causing this sensation in me
infants are active in exploring their environment
babies sacrifice a safer route for a more exciting one
that’s training them to have better control over their motor system
learning to move around is not always transferred
experienced crawlers at the top take less risks than new crawlers
take the experienced crawler who is a new walker, they wall from from cliff
but babies aren’t bothered by falling - they return to play immediately
infants seek information from their caregivers
infants communicate what they want
they engage in early signals that they want more - smiles and laughter
they use communicative gestures like pointing
infants modulate information seeking behaviour
infants point more when they receive reliable information in response
babies knew word banana
one who would correctly label banana, one who labeled incorrectly
when you give them novel things, babies point more to reliable source of information (guy who said banana)
so they think you know and they want infor
