Developments In The Countryside Flashcards
When and why did Stalin initially commit the USSR to collective farming
As a result of the great turn of 1928 - launched he programme in 1929 to coincide with the FYP
When and why did Stalin announce he would ‘annihalate the kulaks’ as a class
December 1929 as he believed the grain procurement was caused by richer peasants
What were the key features of forced industrialization
-localparty members drove peasants into collectives
-kulaksnot able to join collectives
-RA and OGPU were used to identify, execute or deport kulaks
- redirecting rural resources to the manufacturing economy
What did ‘Stalin’s ‘dizzy with success’ article published in Pravda in march 1930 say
Local officials were being too rigorous and confrontational in their methods that party members were becoming dizzy with success
What percentage of households were collectivized in march and October 1930 respectively? How did this change over the decade
58% - 20% - Stalins collectivization ion allowed for a sped up rate of results after peasants had sown the spring crops
What was the kolkhoz
Typical collective farms created by combining a small individual farms together in a cooperative structure
What was the key characteristics of kolkhoz
Many comprised a single village with a house and plot of land for each- average held 75 families and their livestock
Expectations of kolkhoz
- Had to deliver a set quota of produce to the state
- Shared any profit or goods left after the procurement among the collective farm members
- Was under the control of the communist party member who acted as the chairman of the collective
- A series of internal passports from 1932 forbade peasants from leaving
What was the sovkhoz
A relatively small number of farms ran as State Farm’s rather than ran by peasants
How were the kolkhoz and sovkoz similar and different
Sovkoz were usually larger and were paid a wage where as kolkhoz was smaller. Similarly their movement was equally restricted
How were collective farmers paid?
By delivering quotas, not paid if not met
Why did the communists think collectivization was the solution to the ussrs agricultural problems?
Land could be farmed more efficiently to create more produce faster
What impact did the MTS have?
Lots of industry was carried out mechanically however many things still remained labor instensive
How did mechanization affect collectivization?
Reduced number of peasants needed so more could move to the cities to work
How many lorries were being used in soviet agriculture by the end of 1938 compared with the USA?
USSR- 196.000, America- over one mill
Why were peasants in the Ukraine particularly hostile to collectivistation?
Land was more fertile and didn’t want to hand their farms over so burnt the crops and killed livestock
What was dekulakistaion and how was it carried out/ how did it effect the countryside
Any peasants who resisted were enemies and were deported to labor camps in remote areas meaning the most successful and skilled farmers were removed
who were the twenty five thousanders?
Frontline workers from the major industrial cities of the Soviet Union who voluntarily left their urban homes for rural areas
What role did women play in peasant resistantance to collectivistaion?
Caring for children and other family?
How did propaganda support collectivization?
All forms showed devotion to the ideology of the party and communism, with ideas of the kulaks shown to be greedy and fat
Farms
What was the law of the seven eighths?
Provided a severe punishment for stolen collective and cooperative property
Why did communists thinkcollectivistaion was the solution to the ussrs agricultural problems
They believed that collectivistaion would improve agricultural productivity and would produce grain reserves sufficiently large to feed the growing urban labor force- anticipated surplus was to pay forindustrialistaion
Where did famine hit in the early 1930s
Ukraine and spread to kazakhstan and northern Caucasus
Why is it difficult to give an exact figure for the number of victims of the 1932-34 famine
It was such a widespread and populated area that it was hard to keep track over the death rates and many went unreported
Why do historians say the famine of1932-34 was man made
Deliberate policies to take unrealistic quotas thus condemning peasants to starvation
In what ways was collectivistation economically successful for the government?
Industrial workforce was fed and grain exports were increased and peasants swelled the workforce
In what ways was collectivistaion an economic failure
Agricultural production fell dramatically due to peasant opposition
In what ways was collectivistation politically successful for the gov?
For the first time the soviet regime had extended control throughout the countryside
What was the human cost of collectivistaion?
On the order of 12 mil people- 10mil died
What does the Smolensk archive tell us about the behavior and action of the kulaks and activists
Fond 89 covers of Stalin’s purges, creation and operation of forced labor camps and more - meaning th kulaks and activists were very disobedient
How useful and how reliable do you think the Smolensk archive I as a resource of evidence
Reliable look into the power and for that was forced upon kulaks and uprisers however not all of it was revealed to the public allegidely
