DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY - CHILDHOOD Flashcards
Whats the memory span in childhood according to dempster?
Examined numbe of items able to recall from a list
2yrs =2-3 items
4yrs =4 items
10yrs =6 items
Digits span more than doubles over lifespan
Whats some conclusion behind the dempster study?
Older children
- process information faster in general
- more familiar with number
- use memory strategies
What did deloache et al study?
Hid a doll under one of several different objects
Waited several minutes before allowed to retrieve doll
2 yrs used strategists of pointing and maiming object to aid memory
What did wellmann et al find?
Hid object under one of 3 identical cups
3yr olds used strategies: watching, naming, pointing to correct cup
2yr olds did no
Who were the two people that studies memory stateries in childhood?
Deloache et al
Wellman et al
What did flavell et al study?
20, - 5,7,10 yr olds show 7 pics, experimenter pointed to 3
15 secs later pointed to same 3 pics in the same order
In rehearsal - all 10 yrs, only half 7yrs and 10% of 5yrs were accurate
All children who rehearse were more accurate then. Non - rehearse
What did Hagen et al find?
5 yrs can rehearse if taught
Taught to rehearse = perform better
But still not as good as olden children - process information faster
What did Carr et al find?
5 yr olds less likely to use organisation strategy than 10 yr olds
Children using organisation remember better
Younger children who use organisation do so inconsistently (like
rehearsal)
•4 yr olds can be taught organisation, and show improvement
But don’t often use it in other situations
What did chi find about knowledge during childhood?
Compared 10yr old chess experts and adult chess novices:
1) Chess memory task
2) Digit span
Adults outperformed children on digit span
10 yr olds outperformed adults on chess task
Knowledge enables child to outperform adults despite disadvantages
What did Schneider et al find about cognitive development?
Compared child and adult chess experts at chess task. Performed equally: child’s cognitive limitations are not importan
Explain self identity for early childhood to childhood?
Simple to differentiated = i am to i am good at certain stuff
Inconsistent to consistent = self changeable according to circumstance and to self more stable and underlying to dispositions
Explain peer relationships according to Ellis, rogoff and Cromer?
Observed children in different age groups to establish their companions
Spend most time with other other children by age 2-3.
when does the opportunity for peer relationships increase?
Entry to school increases social skills in childhood and enables the child to select peers with whom they’re gonna interact with
What did kindermann study about social development in peer relationships?
9-10 year olds
- at start of the year they were grouped according to level of academic motivation
- at end of year = group membership changed but groups of motivational levels remain the same
- showing how children of same mindset seek each other out
Explain peer group acceptance?
Diff children form diff types of relationships and its based on acceptance
- measured on how much children would play with certain children
What did doge, coie, dodge and coppotelli study?
Identified 3 main kinds of acceptance depending on profiles for each other
What were the three types of profiles for the acceptance according to dodge et al?
Popular = happy, attractive, cooperative
Rejected = disruptive, argumentative, uncooperative
Neglected = shy, not assertive, solitary
Who looked at whether peer groups rejection could later lead to social maladjustment?
Kupersmidt et al.
What did kupersmidt et al study?
- compared accepted, rejected and neglected children from ages 11-18
- there was issues like truancy, suspension and police
- all measures least for accepted and greatest for rejected
Explain the truancy for a rejected child from friendship groups?
Truancy 2x more likely than average
Police incident 3x more likely than average
Explain the neglected children from friendship groups?
No different from average
Explain the casual cause for rejection arrow chart?
- Deviant behaviour like agression
- Low acceptance
- Deviant socialisation
- Maladjusted outcomes like crime
Explains he incidental factor for rejection arrow chart?
- Underlying characteristics like family problem
- Deviant behaviour like agression = this could lead to low acceptance
- Maladjusted outcomes like crime
Explain Woodward and Ferguson study/ argue?
- longitudinal study
- argued that there’s is support for both theories
- Rejection predicts relationships problems = causal theroy
- Low iq predicts underachievement = incidental theory
