APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY - COUNSELLING PSYCHOLOGY

Question 1

What is the term counselling referred to?

Answer 1

To giving advice in debt, counselling, religion

Question 2

Whats therapeutic counselling?

Answer 2

Indivudlas and their relationship which may be crisis support, psychotherapeutic guiding or problem solving

Question 3

What do counsellors and psychotherapists do?

Answer 3

• crucial role in improving the health and wellbeing of our society
• help people talk about their feelings
  -positive change

Question 4

Give some examples of counsellors?

Answer 4

Addictions counsellor
Behavioural counsellor
Children’s counsellor

Question 5

Whats the difference between psychotherapists working in hospital and colleague in a private practise?

Answer 5

A psychotherapist working in a hospital is likely to be more
concerned with severe psychological disorders than a
colleague working in private practice

Question 6

What do counsellors that work in voluntary agencies deal with?

Answer 6

everyday problems but may be qualified to offer
psychotherapy in any other context.

Question 7

The process difference between counsellling and psychotherapy?

Answer 7

Counselling is a short term process and psychotherapy a long term

Question 8

What does counselling do?

Answer 8

Support the patient to perform day to day activities in a normal and efficient manner

Question 9

What does psychotherapy do ?

Answer 9

Uncover the foundation of the problem and address it in the most efficient manner

Question 10

Whats the efficacy of counselling?

Answer 10

• meta analyse demonstrate empirical evidence of the benefits from mental health counselling
• misinterpretation of Freudian has tainted modern understanding of psychotherapy
• many benefits that’s not seen due to stigma around psychoanalytical methods

Question 11

The 7 effective outcomes of counselling?

Answer 11

1. Focus on affect and expression of emotions and feelings.
   Rather than on cognitive factors,
2. Exploration of attempts to avoid distressing thoughts and
   feelings.
3. Identification of patterns and recurring themes in emotions.
4. Discussion of past experience with a developmental focus.
5. A focus on interpersonal relations.
6. A focus on the therapeutic relationship.
7. Safe exploration of fantasy life (day dreaming)- example in
   the notes

Question 12

Whats happiness interventions?

Answer 12

Counsellors use these after a well-formed client relationship is established
Wanting to change their happiness levels

Question 13

Whats the 4 types of happiness interventions?

Answer 13

1. Gratitude Visit- provides a meaningful opportunity for client to
   express their appreciation to someone who has made a positive
   difference in their life, fostering connection and gratitude
   between client and contact.
   • 2. Three Good Things-acknowledge and appreciate 3 good things,
   no matter how small.
   • 3. Your Peak Self- Imagine a time when you were at your best.
   Reflect on the personal strengths that were in use at that time.
   For one week, reflect on this story of your peak self and focus on
   determining what personal strengths were in use.
   • 4. Character Strengths –Identify strengths and commit to utilising
   them in a new way each day for one week- see Bb (VIA – values in
   action character strengths, relevant films and music

Question 14

Benefits of counselling across modalities?

Answer 14

Increased skills in interpersonal communications
Improved interpersonal relationships
Improved quality of life
Reduction of suicidal ideation

Question 15

When was a special group within the BPS established?

Answer 15

1982

Question 16

When was a division of counselling psychology within the bps established?

Answer 16

1994

Question 17

The trainings for a counselling psychologists?

Answer 17

Has health and care professions council (HCPC/BPS) approved training and qualifications

Question 18

The training for a psychotherapist ?

Answer 18

Highly trained and have specialism but not necessarily with a psychology background

Question 19

What does the word clinical strive from and counselling?

Answer 19

Greek word Kline meaning bed
Counselling Latin - consulere meaning advising

Question 20

Explain the diagnosis under clinical psychology?

Answer 20

Not always accurate
- based on subjective assesments influenced by = cultural bias, personal belief and indivudlas current state

2. Diagnosis doesn’t always lead to effective treatment

Question 21

How does moving away from diagnosis help?

Answer 21

• allows to focus on persons strengths and resilience = help build their capacity and mange their mental health
• can lead to people being defined by their conditions rather then indivudlas experience causing error
• clinical psychologists should not make diagnosis their only or primary means of understanding and treating mental health issue

Question 22

Whats phenomenological model?

Answer 22

A focus on a persons subjective internal experience and how they understand their behaviour

Question 23

Where is value grounded in?

Answer 23

The psychotherapeutic relationship

Question 24

What do you need high level of in a psychotherapeutic relationship?

Answer 24

• self-awareness
• competence in relating skills
  Ko of personal and interpersonal dynamics to theraputic context

Question 25

Whats the three principles of practise?

Answer 25

• Insight • Promote client’s insight into the origin & maintenance of their problem • Self-awareness: • Promote client’s self-awareness of their thoughts & emotions • Self-acceptance: • Help client to become more accepting of themselves and develop a more positive view of the self

Question 26

Whats thee four theoretical frameworks?

Answer 26

•Four key frameworks that inform practice: 1. Humanistic perspective 2. Psychodynamic perspective 3. Systemic perspective 4. Cognitive-behavioural perspective •Unlike clinical psychology, no dominant framework

Question 27

Whats humanistic perspective and the self - actualising in the client requires what

Answer 27

• Unconditional positive regard – acceptance and love regardless of behaviour • Genuineness– individual is able to express their own sense of self • Empathy – individual interacts with people who understand the world from that individual’s perspective

Question 28

Three key skills for the counsellor?

Answer 28

• Empathy towards client, i.e. enters their frame of reference and communicates this to client • Unconditional positive regard – therapist accepts client and shows warmth (regardless of behaviour/attitudes) • Congruence of therapist’s feelings & behaviour toward client - allows trust to be built

Question 29

Whats the general counselling skills?

Answer 29

Listening & observing: verbal & non-verbal behaviour (Egan, 1986)  Linguistic: words, phrases, metaphors  Paralinguistic: timing, volume, pitch, accent, pauses, fluency  Non-verbal: facial expression, gestures, touch, body position & movements, proximity, eye contact Using non-verbal communications to communicate empathy and unconditional positive regard

Question 30

Whats paraphrasing in a person-centred therapy?

Answer 30

repeating back to client a summary of what they have said; demonstrates active listening and ensures understanding

Question 31

Whats the reflection of content and feeling of client?

Answer 31

build trust; also helps enter client’s frame of reference  Distance – set up of room, distance apart of chairs  Posture – what shows ‘better’ listening?  Eye contact – avoiding gaze; staring; good, but not constant eye contact  Silence – listen with no response until client stops talking 26

Question 32

Whats the counselling set up?

Answer 32

The chairs or seating are at a right angle to each other, small coffee table just in front, no confrontation or threat

Question 33

Whats the psychodynamic perspective?

Answer 33

Based on Freud’s theories that an important part of our mental functioning is unconscious • Explores association between early experiences and how they might be related to current distress • Aims to bring unconscious thoughts/feelings/memories into conscious so links can be made between past experiences & present behaviours

Question 34

Three rules of therapeutic releationship?

Answer 34

Rule of abstinence: Holding back from responding • Rule of anonymity: Reveal nothing of self to client to allow ‘transference’ & ‘counter-transference’ • Rule of neutrality: Neutral stance so client learns to understand self, rather than told by therapis

Question 35

Whats transference and counter-transference?

Answer 35

Transference = client treats the therapist as if they were someone else in their life • *Counter-transference = as a result of transference, the therapist responds to the client as if they were the other person; this can provide insight into the relationship between client and this ‘other person’

Question 36

Whats individual dysfunction seen as a symptom of what?

Answer 36

Family dysfunction

Question 37

Whats problem behaviour in family dysfunction?

Answer 37

Serve a function within family • Reflect a family’s inability to function properly • Result from inter-generational transmission of dysfunctional behaviour (Nature/Nurture) Assumes that one change in one part of the system of the family will influence other members

Question 38

What are the 3 diffferent types of family system therapy?

Answer 38

1. Multigenerational family therapy 2. Structural family therapy 3. Strategic family therapy

Question 39

Whats multigenerational schools of family system therapy?

Answer 39

Considers at least three generations, inter- generational transmission of relationships/behaviours • E.g. ‘use’ two family members to stabilise a relationship

Question 40

Whats the structural family therapy (minuchin)

Answer 40

• Understands the structure/organisation of a family through the interactions of family members • E.g. an individual’s problems used as a diversion from wider family problems

Question 41

Whats strategic family therapy?

Answer 41

F ocus on solving current family problems, rather than considering/resolving issues from the past  Will often involve development of problem- solving and coping skills

Question 42

Whats family sculpting technique?

Answer 42

Activity which family members place themselves in postures symbolic to their family dynamics - psychical movement around the room

Question 43

Whats the cognitive behavioural perspective?

Answer 43

Focus on link between how people think (cognitions, assumptions, beliefs) and their behaviour • Aims to help client understand their thinking & how it impacts on emotions and behaviour • Aims to help them change their thinking in order to change their behaviour

Question 44

Whats CBT?

Answer 44

Typically 8 – 12 sessions, lasting 3-6 months • Structured intervention, rather than free talking • Setting of goals to work towards

Question 45

Whats the process of cbt?

Answer 45

Identify negative thoughts • Explore alternative ways of thinking • Use of homework

Question 46

Whats the techniques in cbt?

Answer 46

Keeping a diary of events & associated thoughts • Understanding source of cognitions associated with a distressing behaviou

Question 47

Where do counselling psychology’s work?

Answer 47

About 50% work within health & social care settings • NHS • Social Services • Prison & Probation Services • Industry & commerce • Occupational Health Departments and Services • Education (school – university) • Student counselling services • Private practice

Question 48

What’s counter - transference?

Answer 48

When the therapist responds to the client as if the client is another person