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AB PSYCHOLOGY > DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY (CHAP 2) > Flashcards

DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY (CHAP 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

At conception, egg and sperm unite to create a new organism that
incorporates some characteristics of each parent. Each egg and sperm cell
has__________ chromosomes,

A

23

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2
Q

threadlike structures in the nucleus that contain

genetic material.

A

chromosomes

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3
Q

first 22 pairs of chromosomes

A

autosomes

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4
Q

23rd pair determines the sex of the child

A

sex chromosomes

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5
Q

egg or ovum is fertilized by a sperm carrying a Y chromosome the product is an _________

A

XY zygote or male

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6
Q

If a sperm carrying X Chromosomes reaches the ovum first, the result is an ________

A

XX zygote

or female

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7
Q

Each chromosome actually consists of one molecule of ___________ -
molecule composed of four __________ that is the biochemical basis of Heredity

A 
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
nucleotide bases
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8
Q

four different chemical compounds:

A

adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine.

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9
Q

—important biological building blocks.

A

amino acids, proteins, and enzymes

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10
Q

functional units of heredity because they determine the production of chemical substances that are,
ultimately, the basis for all human characteristics and abilities

A

Genes

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11
Q

Altogether, a person’s 46 chromosomes include roughly _________genes

A

30,000

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12
Q

The complete set of genes makes up a person’s heredity and is known as the person’s

A

genotype

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13
Q

Genetic instructions, in conjunction with environmental influences, produce a ___________
Individual’s physical, behavioral, and psychological features.

A

phenotype

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14
Q

variations of genes

Genes come in different forms

A

alleles

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15
Q

The alleles in the pair of chromosomes are sometimes the same, which is known as being

A

homozygous

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16
Q

The alleles sometimes differ, which is known as being

A

heterozygous

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17
Q

Often one allele is _________, which means that its chemical instructions are followed while those of the other,___________ allele
are ignored.

A

dominant

recessive

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18
Q

referring to a gene that actively controls the expression of a trait

A

Dominant traits

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19
Q

referring to a gene that only influences the expression of a trait when paired when an identical gene

A

Recessive traits

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20
Q

Some people are affected by heredity in a special way: They have __________ that disrupt the
usual pattern of development

A

genetic disorders

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21
Q

what disorders are inherited and sometimes eggs or sperm do not include the usual 23 chromosomes but have more or fewer
chromosomes instead.

A

genetic disorders

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22
Q

a disorder in which babies are born lacking an important liver enzyme.

A

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

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23
Q

a protein found in dairy products, bread, diet soda, and fish—into amino acids that
are required for normal body functioning.

A

phenylalanine

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24
Q

Without this enzyme, phenylalanine accumulates and produces poisons that harm the nervous
system, resulting in _______________

A

mental retardation

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25
Q

a fatal disease characterized by progressive degeneration of the nervous system.
Is caused by a dominant allele found on chromosome 4. Individuals who inherit this disorder develop normally through childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood.

A

Huntington’s disease

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26
Q

have almond-shaped eyes and a fold over the eyelid. Their head, neck, and nose are usually smaller than normal.

typically have an extra 21st chromosome that is usually provided by the egg

A

Down syndrome

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27
Q

For a woman in her late 20s, the risk of giving birth to a baby with Down syndrome is about ________; for a woman in her early
40s, the risk is about ________

A

1 in 1,000

1 in 50

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28
Q

Eggs may deteriorate over time as part of aging or because an older woman has a longer history of exposure to hazards in the environment, such as ________, that may damage her eggs.

A

X-rays

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29
Q

Common Disorder Associated with Sex Chromosomes

A

Kleinfelter’s syndrome
XYY complement
Turner’s Syndrome
XXX syndrome

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30
Q

is the branch of genetics that deals with inheritance of behavioral and psychological
traits.

A

Behavioral genetics

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31
Q

When phenotypes reflect the combined activity of many separate genes, the pattern is known as

A

polygenic inheritance

32
Q

The behavioral consequences of genetic instructions depend on the______in which
those instructions are implemented.

A

environment

33
Q

refers to the fact that the same genotype can produce a range of phenotypes in reaction to the environment where development takes place.

A

Reaction range

34
Q

_____________interact dynamically throughout development

A

Heredity and environment

35
Q

_________ can influence the kind of environment to which a person is exposed

A

Genes

36
Q

this process of deliberately seeking environments that fit one’s heredity.

A

Niche-picking

37
Q

forces within a family that make siblings different from one another

A

nonshared environmental influences

38
Q

It constitutes the many changes that transform the fertilized egg into a newborn human. It begins
when a sperm successfully fertilizes an egg in the process of fertilization.

A

Prenatal Development

39
Q

begins when sperm cells burrow their way through the outer layers of an egg cell.

A

Fertilization

40
Q

Stages or Periods of Prenatal Development:

A
  1. the period of the zygote (Germinal)
  2. the period of the embryo (Emrbyonic)
  3. the period of the fetus (Fetal)
41
Q

This period begins with fertilization and ends when the zygote implants itself in the wall of the
uterus.

A

.Germinal Period (Weeks 1-2)

42
Q

is the technical term for the fertilized egg.

A

Zygote

43
Q

The teaspoon or so of seminal fluid produced during a fertile male’s ejaculation contains from _________sperm. Of the sperm released into the vagina, only a few hundred will actually complete the 6- or 7-inch journey to the fallopian tubes.

A

200

to 500 million

44
Q

The next step is ___________wherein the zygote burrows into the uterine wall and establishes connections with a woman’s blood vessels.

A

implantation

45
Q

is a small cluster of cells near the center of the zygote that will eventually develop
into a baby

A

germ disc

46
Q

a structure through which nutrients and wastes are exchanged between the mother and the developing organism

A

placenta

47
Q

involves mixing sperm and egg together in a petri dish and then placing several fertilized eggs in the mother’s
uterus, with the hope that they will become implanted in the uterine wall.

A

in vitro

fertilization

48
Q

Once the zygote is completely embedded in the uterine wall, it is called

A

embryo

49
Q

During the period of the embryo, body structures and internal organs develop. At the beginning of
this period, three layers begin to form in the embryo.

A

Embryonic Period (Weeks 3-8)

50
Q

The _____________ becomes hair, the outer layer of skin, and the nervous system

A

outer layer or ectoderm

51
Q

The___________ forms muscles, bones, and the circulatory system

A

middle layer or mesoderm

52
Q

The_____________ forms the digestive system and the lungs.

A

inner layer or endoderm

53
Q

embryo rests in a sac called ____________which is filled with amniotic fluid that cushions the embryo and maintains a constant temperature.

A

amnion

54
Q

houses blood vessels that

join the embryo to the placenta.

A

umbilical cord

55
Q

The head develops before the
rest of the body or from the head to the base of the
spine.

A

Cephalocaudal Principle

56
Q

Growth of parts near the center of the body before those that are
more distant.

A

Proximodistal Principle

57
Q

During this period, the baby-to-be becomes much larger

and its bodily systems begin to work.

A

Fetal Period (Weeks 9-38)

58
Q

ese and other rapid changes, by 22 to 28 weeks most systems function well enough that a
fetus born at this time has a chance to survive, which is why this age range is called the

A

age of

viability

59
Q

(one of the B vitamins) is important for the baby’s nervous system to develop properly

A

Folic acid

60
Q

When mothers do not consume adequate amounts of folic acid, their babies are
at risk for_____________

a disorder in which the embryo’s neural tube does not close properly
during the first month of pregnancy.

A

spina bifida

61
Q

__________ can weaken a pregnant woman’s immune system, making her more susceptible to illness

A

Stress

62
Q
  • An agent that causes abnormal prenatal development.
A

Teratogen

63
Q

Environmental Teratogens

A

Lead
Mercury
PCBs
X-rays

64
Q

Teratogenic Drugs

A 
Alcohol
Aspirin
Caffeine
Cocaine and Heroin
Marijuana
Nicotine
65
Q

Teratogenic Diseases

A

AIDS
Genital Herpes
Syphilis
Rubella

66
Q

BEST RECIPE for NORMAL PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT

A
  1. Prenatal Medical Care
  2. Adequate Nutrition
  3. Avoid Chronic Stress
67
Q

A counselor asks about family medical history and constructs a family tree for each parent to assess
the odds that their child would inherit a disorder. If the family tree suggests that a parent is likely to
be a carrier of the disorder, blood tests can determine the parent’s genotype.

A

Genetic Counseling

68
Q

in which sound waves are used to generate a picture of the fetus. In this procedure, a
tool about the size of a hair dryer is rubbed over the woman’s abdomen, and the image appears on
a nearby computer monitor. The pictures generated are grainy so it takes an expert’s eye to
distinguish what’s what.

A

Prenatal Diagnosis (Ultrasound)

69
Q

uses a syringe to withdraw a sample of amniotic fluid through the mother’s abdomen. It can be
used in pregnancies where a genetic disorder because it provides a sample of fetal cells that can be
analyzed. A needle is inserted through the mother’s abdomen to obtain a sample of the amniotic
fluid that surrounds the fetus.

A

Prenatal Diagnosis (Amniocentesis)

70
Q

fetal cells are extracted from the placenta. A procedure that can be used much earlier in pregnancy
in which a sample of tissue is obtained from part of the placenta. A small tube—typically inserted
through the vagina and into the uterus but sometimes through the abdomen—is used to collect a
small plug of cells from the placenta. This procedure can be used within 10 or 12 weeks after
conception, much earlier than amniocentesis.

A

Prenatal Diagnosis (Chorionic villus sampling)

71
Q

Example, in fetal hypothyroidism, the fetal thyroid
gland does not produce enough hormones. This can lead to retarded physical and mental
development, but the disorder can be treated by injecting the necessary hormones directly into the
amniotic cavity, resulting in normal growth.

A

Administering drugs or hormones to the fetus

72
Q

field of medicine concerned with treating prenatal problems before birth

A

Fetal Medicine

73
Q

has also been used to treat a disorder affecting identical
twins in which one twin—the “donor”—pumps blood through its own and the other twin’s
circulatory system.

A

Fetal surgery

74
Q

in which defective genes are replaced by synthetic normal genes.

A

Genetic engineering

75
Q 
is an appropriate
name for childbirth, which
is the most intense,
prolonged physical effort
that humans experience.
A

Labor

76
Q

Soon the top of the baby’s head appears

A

crowning

AB PSYCHOLOGY (13 decks)

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