COUNSELING (CHAP 4)

Question 1

The Freudian view of human nature is basically _______

Answer 1

deterministic.

Question 2

• sexual energy

o a source of motivation that encompasses sexual energy but goes beyond it.

Answer 2

Libido

Question 3

includes all pleasurable acts; he sees the goal of much of life as gaining pleasureandavoiding pain.

Answer 3

Life instincts

Question 4

the aggressive drive.

At times, people manifest through their behavior an unconscious wish to die or tohurtthemselves or others. Managing this aggressive drive is a major challenge to thehumanrace.

Answer 4

Death instincts

Question 5

the original system of the personality from which the ego and superego emerge

the reservoir of psychic energy, supplying energy to the other two systems.
can be considered the “hedonistic branch” of the personality.

It is drivenbythe pleasure principle, which attempts to reduce tension by gratification of sexual andaggressive impulses.

Answer 5

id

Question 6

It can be considered the “judicial branch” and is concerned with moralistic issues, determining what is right or wrong
It represents the values and ideals of society as handed down from parent to child.

has three purposes: to inhibit the impulses from the id, to alter the ego’s orientation from realistic to moralistic, and to encourage the personality to strive for perfection.

Answer 6

superego

Question 7

can be considered the “executive branch” of the personality

It is ruled by the reality principle, which attempts to exert a realistic, reality-based influence over the id and superego.

has contact with the external world of reality. It is the “executive” that governs, controls, and regulates the personality. As a “traffic cop,” it mediates between the instincts and the surrounding environment

as the seat of intelligence and rationality, checks and controls the blind impulses of the id. Whereas the id knows only subjective reality, the ego distinguishes between mental
images and things in the external world.

Answer 7

ego

Question 8

a feeling of dread that results from repressed feelings, memories, desires, and experiencesthat emerge to the surface of awareness. It can be considered as a state of tension that motivates ustodo something

Answer 8

Anxiety

Question 9

is the fear of danger from the external world, and the level of such anxiety is proportionate to the degree of real threat.

Answer 9

Reality anxiety

Question 10

the fear that the instincts will get out of hand and cause the person to do something for which she or he will be punished

Answer 10

Neurotic anxiety

Question 11

fear of one’s own conscience. People with a well-developed consciencetend to feel guilty when they do something contrary to their moral code.

Answer 11

Moral anxiety

Question 12

help the individual cope with anxiety and prevent the ego from being overwhelmed.

Answer 12

Ego-defense mechanisms

Question 13

Threatening or painful
thoughts and feelings are
excluded from awareness.

involuntary removal of something fromconsciousness. It is assumed that most of the painful
events of the first five or six years of life are buried, yet these events do influence later behavior.

Answer 13

Repression

Question 14

“Closing one’s eyes” to the
existence of a threatening
aspect of reality.

perhaps the simplest of all selfdefense mechanisms. It is a way of distortingwhat the individual thinks, feels, or perceives inatraumatic situation. This mechanismis similar torepression, yet it generally operates at preconsciousand conscious levels.

Answer 14

Denial

Question 15

Actively expressing the
opposite impulse when
confronted with a
threatening impulse.

By developing conscious attitudes and behaviors
that are diametrically opposed to disturbing desires, people do not have to face the anxiety that wouldresult if they were to recognize these dimensions of
themselves.

Individuals may conceal hate with a
facade of love, be extremely nice when they harbor
negative reactions, or mask cruelty with excessivekindness.

Answer 15

Reaction

formation

Question 16

Attributing to others one’s
own unacceptable desires
and impulses.

This is a mechanism of self-deception. Lustful, aggressive, or other impulses are seen as beingpossessed by “those people out there, but not byme.”

Answer 16

Projection

Question 17

Directing energy toward
another object
or person when the original
object or person is
inaccessible

way of coping with anxiety that
involves discharging impulses by shifting fromathreatening object to a “safer target.”

Answer 17

Displacement

Question 18

Manufacturing “good”
reasons to explain away a
bruised ego

helps justify specific behaviors, and it aids in softening the blow connectedwithdisappointments. When people do not get positions
they have applied for in their work, they think
of logical reasons they did not succeed, and they
sometimes attempt to convince themselves that
they really did not want the position anyway.

Answer 18

Rationalization

Question 19

Diverting sexual or
aggressive energy into other
channels.

sexual or
aggressive energy into other
channels. Energy is usually diverted into socially acceptableand sometimes even

Answer 19

Sublimation

Question 20

Going back to an earlier
phase of
development when there
were fewer demands

In the face of severe stress or extreme challenge,
individuals may attempt to cope with their anxietyby clinging to immature and inappropriatebehaviors.

Answer 20

Regression

Question 21

Taking in and “swallowing”
the values and standards of
others.

Positive forms of introjection include incorporationof parental values or the attributes and values of thetherapist (assuming that these are not merelyuncritically accepted).

Answer 21

Introjection

Question 22

Identifying with successful
causes, organizations, or people in
the hope that you will be
perceived as worthwhile.

enhance self-worth and protect
one from a sense of being a failure. This is part of
the developmental process by which children learngender-role behaviors, but it can also be a defensivereaction when used by people who feel basicallyinferior.

Answer 22

Identification

Question 23

Masking perceived
weaknesses or
developing certain positive
traits to make up for

mechanism can have direct adjustive value, andit can also be an attempt by the person to say “Don’t
see the ways in which I am inferior, but see me inmyaccomplishments.

Answer 23

Compensation

Question 24

refer to the Freudian chronological phases of development, beginningininfancy.

Answer 24

psychosexual stages

Question 25

which deals with the inability to trust oneself and others, resulting in the fear of
loving and forming close relationships and low self-esteem.

Answer 25

Oral stage

Question 26

which deals with the inability to recognize and express anger, leading to thedenial
of one’s own power as a person and the lack of a sense of autonomy.

Answer 26

Anal stage,

Question 27

which deals with the inability to fully accept one’s sexuality and sexual feelings, and also to difficulty in accepting oneself as a man or woman

Answer 27

Phallic stage,

Question 28

Erikson’s basic psychological and social tasks, which individuals needtomaster at intervals from infancy through old age.

This stage perspective provides the counselor with the conceptual tools for understandingkeydevelopmental tasks characteristic of the various stages of life.

Answer 28

psychosocial stages

Question 29

s equivalent to a turning point in life when we have the potential to move forwardor toregress. At these turning points, we can either resolve our conflicts or fail to master thedevelopmental task. To a large extent, our life is the result of the choices we make at eachof
these stages.

Answer 29

Crisis

Question 30

• analysts typically assume an anonymous nonjudgmental stance.

Answer 30

“blank-screen” approach

Question 31

cornerstone of psychoanalysis and “refers to the transfer of feelings originally experiencedinanearly relationship to other important people in a person’s present environment” 

to help clients acquire the freedom to love, work, and play.

Answer 31

transference relationship

Question 32

try to say whatever comes to mind without self-censorship. Thisprocess is known as the “fundamental rule.”

Answer 32

free association

Question 33

try to say whatever comes to mind without self-censorship. Thisprocess is known as the “fundamental rule.”

Answer 33

free association

Question 34

s the client’s unconscious shifting to the analyst of feelings, attitudes, andfantasies (both positive and negative) that are reactions to significant others intheclient’s past.

involves the unconscious repetition of the past in the present. “It reflectsthe deep patterning of old experiences in relationships as they emerge in current life”

Answer 34

Transference

Question 35

viewed as a phenomenonthatoccurs when there is inappropriate affect, when therapists respond in irrational ways, or when theylosetheir objectivity in a relationship because their own conflicts are triggered.

Answer 35

Countertransference

Question 36

therapist’s unconscious emotional responses toaclientbased on the therapist’s own past, resulting in a distorted perception of the client’s behavior

Answer 36

countertransference

Question 37

refers to a whole range of procedural and stylistic factors, such as the analyst’s relative anonymity, maintaining neutrality and objectivity, the regularityand consistency of meetings, starting and ending the sessions on time, clarity on fees, andbasicboundary issues such as the avoidance of advice giving or imposition of the therapist’s values

Answer 37

Maintaining the Analytic Framework

Question 38

consists of the analyst’s pointing out, explaining, and even teaching the client themeanings of behavior that is manifested in dreams, free association, resistances, defenses, andthe therapeutic relationship itself.

Answer 38

Interpretation

Question 39

is an important procedure for uncovering unconscious material and givingtheclient insight into some areas of unresolved problems. During sleep, defenses are loweredandrepressed feelings surface.

Answer 39

Dream analysis

Question 40

consists of hidden, symbolic, and unconscious motives, wishes, andfears.

Answer 40

Latent content

Question 41

dream as it appears to the dreamer

Answer 41

Manifest content

Question 42

process by which the latent content of a dream is transformedintotheless threatening manifest content

Answer 42

Dream work

Question 43

concept fundamental to the practice of psychoanalysis, is anythingthatworks against the progress of therapy and prevents the client fromproducingpreviously unconscious material.

any idea, attitude, feeling, or action (conscious or unconscious)
that fosters the status quo and gets in the way of change.

Answer 43

Resistance