Developmental chapter 8

Question 1

information-processing approach

Answer 1

theoretical framework that conceptualizes the mind as a
complex information processing system

mental processes (attention, perception, memory, reasoning) are compared to computer operations

Question 2

memory components according to the information-processing model

Answer 2

(1) sensory register
(2) short-term memory
(3) long-term memory

Question 3

the 3 parts of the working memory

Answer 3

ALL TEMPERORY

phonological loop (PL): verbal and auditory information
visual-spatial sketchpad (VS): visual and spatial information
episodic buffer: regulates the above

Question 4

implicit memory

Answer 4

unintentional, automatic way of responding, without awareness

Question 5

explicit memory

Answer 5

deliberate and effortful recollection of events

further divided into:
semantic memory → general facts
episodic memory → specific experiences

Question 6

neural bases of memory

Answer 6

procedural (part of implicit) memory → striatum (forebrain), basal ganglia, and cerebellum

explicit memory → medial temporal lobe

Question 7

(the child) Theories of memory

Answer 7

• the brain physically improves, thus working memory gets better
• encoding and consolidation processes improve
• the speed of mental processes improves due to neuron’s myelination

Question 8

preservation errors

Answer 8

continuing to use the same strategy that was successful in the past,
despite it not working in the current situation

Question 9

rehearsal , organization and elaboration

Answer 9

rehearsal → repeating new information to maintain it in working memory or transfer it to
long-term memory
organization → grouping new information into meaningful categories to enhance
storage and retrieval
elaboration → actively engaging with new information and making connections to
existing knowledge

Question 10

metamemory

Answer 10

ability to think about and understand your own memory

Question 11

metacognition

Answer 11

knowledge of the human mind and its range of cognitive processes

Question 12

knowledge base

Answer 12

organized knowledge used for decision-making in a specific field

Question 13

fuzzy-trace theory

Answer 13

children store verbatim and general accounts of an event separately

Question 14

overlapping waves theory

Answer 14

the development of problem-solving skills

Question 14

older age

Answer 14

• semantic memory > episodic memory
• implicit memory > explicit memory
• age-related memory loss can be prevented and reduced by reducing stress
• knowledge base and metamemory is still good for elders
• the use of spontaneous strategies seems to decrease with age
• information is encoded and stored but not easily recalled without cues

Question 15

Sieglers theory

Answer 15

children use multiple strategies for problem-solving rather than moving from one way to another