Developmental chapter 5 ( Body, Brain, and Health)

Question 1

celiac disease

Answer 1

condition where the immune system attacks its own tissues when eating gluten

↳malnutrition (lack or excesses of proper nutrition) and stunts growth (failure to reach one’s full potential for growth.

Question 2

catch-up growth

Answer 2

accelerated growth of an organism following a period of slowed development, particularly as a result of nutrient deprivation

Question 3

endocrine glands

Answer 3

organ that produce hormones into the bloodstream (going to the whole body)

Question 4

The endocrine system

Pituitary
thyroid
testes
ovaries
adrenal glands

Answer 4

• Pituitary
  ↳ hormones: growth hormone, activating hormones

→regulates growth from birth to adolescence
→ triggers adolescent growth spurt (sudden speed)
→ signals other glands to produce their hormones
______________________________________________________

• thyroid
  ↳ hormones: thyroxine

→ affects growth and development of the brain
→ helps regulate the growth of the body during
childhood
______________________________________________________

• testes
  ↳ hormones: testosterone

→ develops the male reproductive system during the
prenatal period
→ directs male sexual development during adolescence
______________________________________________________

• ovaries
  ↳ hormones: estrogen and progesterone

→ regulate the menstrual cycle
→ directs female development during adolescence
→ progesterone allows conception and supports
pregnancy
______________________________________________________

• adrenal glands
  ↳ hormones: adrenal androgens

→ support the development of muscles and bones
→ contributes to sexual motivatio

Question 5

synapse

Answer 5

connection between two nerve cells, consisting of a space through which impulses flow via neurotransmitter diffusion

Question 6

the two parts of the the nervous system (only the name)

Answer 6

central and peripheral nervous system

Question 7

neuron

Answer 7

the fundamental type of cell in the nervous system that is responsible for transmitting information throughout the body

“neurons that are not fully specialized can take the functions of damaged neurons”

Question 8

principles of growth: cephalocaudal principle

Answer 8

development and growth occur from head to toe

Question 8

myelination

Answer 8

the creation and use of a fatty sheath around a neuron’s axon that insulates them, speeding the transmission of neural impulses

Question 9

principles of growth: proximodistal principle

Answer 9

development and growth occur from the middle to the outside

Question 10

synaptogenesis

Answer 10

the formation of synapses between neurons in the nervous system, especially in the developing brain

Question 10

principles of growth: orthogenetic principle

Answer 10

development of more difficult tasks begins with the mastery of
simple tasks first

Question 11

synaptic pruning

Answer 11

the process by which extra neurons and synaptic connections are eliminated in order to increase the efficiency of neuronal transmissions

Question 12

Behavioral states (NOT stages) (sleep and babies)

Answer 12

• by 3 months, infants begin to establish a predictable sleep-wake pattern which becomes airly stable by 6 months of age
• newborns spend half of their sleeping hours in REM sleep, but by 6 months of age they spend only 25-30%
  ↳REM sleep allows them to to integrate and learn all the information acquired throughout the day

Question 12

reflex (and some extra facts about them)

Answer 12

• automatic response to a stimulus
• primitive reflexes usually disappear during the early months of infancy, as they are not useful

-the presence and absence of reflexes can serve as a general indicator of the state of the neurological health

Question 13

lateralization

Answer 13

the specialization of the 2 hemispheres of the brain

if one hemisphere is damaged, because of neuroplasticity, the other
can “take over” the lost functions

the left hemisphere is often called the thinking side of the brain and the right one, the creative side

Question 13

congenital malformations

Answer 13

structural or functional anomalies that occur during intrauterine life (prenatal period)

“birth defects”

Question 14

Child growth

Answer 14

growth is characterized by a slow and steady process throughout childhood

Question 15

puberty

Answer 15

process of biological change that leads an individual to sexual maturity

Question 16

Health and Wellness of children

Answer 16

• main influences to children’s health are: accidents, nutrition, and physical activity
• children should do physical activity for at least 60 minutes daily
• some kids are predisposed by temperament to live a sedentary lifestyle (too much sitting and too little physical activity)
• regular physical exercise seems to support effective executive functions (mental skills we use to plan, focus and so on…)

Question 16

Physical Behavior of children

Answer 16

children master the ability to move capably in a changing environment
↳ they learn to integrate multiple body movements

Question 17

Volume of gray matter

Answer 17

increases, peaks, and then decreases during adolescence

(the part of the brain and spinal cord that processes information, controls muscles, and enables thinking and memory)

Question 18

The Adolescent Brain

Answer 18

• volume of white matter increases following a linear pattern.
  (responsible for transmitting signals between different areas of the nervous system.)
• part of the brain involved in regulating self-control is not yet fully developed in adolescence
• the reward system of the brain is hyper-responsive
• neurons in the frontal lobes are last to be myelinated (to get covered by the fatty sheath)

Question 19

Growth Spurt for boys and girls

Answer 19

boys lag behind girls 1-2 years

Question 20

semenarche

Answer 20

the first ejaculation of a boy

Question 20

adolescent growth spurt

Answer 20

period of increased production of androgens, around the age of 6-8 years, that precedes puberty in both sexes

Question 21

menarche

Answer 21

the first menstruation of a girl (avg. age: 12.5)

Question 22

secular trend

Answer 22

refers to long-term changes in population characteristics observed over generations. Examples include increases in height and weight, earlier onset of puberty, rising IQ scores, and shifts in family structures.

Question 23

psychological implications for boys and girls

Answer 23

GIRLS:
→ become more self-conscious and worry about their appearance
→ lack energy and do fewer activities
→ mood changes

BOYS:
→ increase in body image
→ tend to become preoccupied with their athletic skills
→ exhibit a decrease in anxiety

TEENS:
→ engage in less body contact, especially with fathers
→ avoid being seen naked
→ become more independent and less close to their parents
→ experience conflicts with parents, usually on minor issues

Question 24

Changes in the brain as we grow older

Answer 24

• brain development is never truly complete
• neuron loss is greater in areas that control sensory and motor activities than in areas that control thought or basic functions
• middle age brings greater integration of the left and right hemispheres

Question 24

early vs late development for boys and girLs

Answer 24

early maturing girls → more likely to experience negative feelings and bad entourages
early maturing boys → positive feelings but aggressive behavior and bad friend groups

late maturing girls → anxiety at first, but effects level once they start to mature
late maturing boys → great anxiety, bullying

Question 25

scaffolding theory of aging and compensation (STAC)

Answer 25

explains how the adult brain compensates losses by increasing activity in other areas of the brain (ex: prefrontal cortex)

Question 25

premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

Answer 25

physical symptoms women can have in the weeks before the menstrual cycle (their period)

Question 26

premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PDD)

Answer 26

→ severe form of PMS that adds affective symptoms

Question 27

female menopause

Answer 27

drop in female hormones leading to loss of the menstrual cycle and marks the end of the reproductive ability

Question 28

male andropause

Answer 28

decreasing levels of testosterone lead to low libido, erectile issues, lack of energy, memory problems, and loss of pubic hair

Question 29

osteoarthritis

Answer 29

degenerative joint disease that causes pain, stiffness, and decreased mobility

Question 30

osteoporosis

Answer 30

bones become weak and brittle, increasing the risk of fractures

Question 31

programmed theories of aging

Answer 31

aging occurs according to a species-specific genetic
program

Question 32

Hayflick limit

Answer 32

→ theoretical limit to the number of times a cell can divide before it dies
↳ support for programmed theories of aging