Developmental chapter 7 (Cognition)

Question 1

Piaget’s Constructivist Approach

Answer 1

Piaget used the clinical method to discover how children think about problems.

Question 2

what is intelligence in the Piaget’s theory

Answer 2

Basic life function that helps an organism adapt

Infants’ brains respond to the environment by creating schemas

Question 3

developmental processes of intelligence:

Answer 3

• Organization → systematically combining existing schemas into more complex ones
• Adaptation → adjusting to the demands of the environment
• Assimilation → interpreting new experiences in terms of existing schemas
• Accommodation → modifying existing schemas to better fit new experiences
• When new events seriously challenge old schemes → cognitive conflict → cognitive growth
• equilibration → the process of achieving mental stability

Question 4

what are the challenges to Piaget theory?

Answer 4

(1) underestimated young minds

(2) wrongly claiming that broad stages of development exist

(3) failing to adequately (acceptable extent) explain development

(4) limited attention to social influences

Question 5

neuroconstructivism theory

Answer 5

→ Experiences bring changes in the neural structures and this changes form knowledge

(Our brains grow and change, they build knowledge by interacting with the environment. Similar to how constructivism works but with a focus on how the brain’s structure shapes this learning)

Question 6

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Perspective

Answer 6

• intelligence grows and develops through communication, collaboration, and shared understanding within a community
• Children acquire their society’s mental tools by interacting with parents and other older members of the culture

Question 7

zone of proximal development

Answer 7

Gap between what one can learn alone and with guidance
from others. Skills within the range are ripe for development and should be developed. Skills outside the proximal zone are either well mastered or too difficult

(ou’re learning something new but not alone—you have help to make it easier. As you practice, you’ll get better and eventually do it all by yourself)

Question 8

scaffolding

Answer 8

The help or support you get when you’re learning something new. It is a process that enables a child or novice (a newbie) to solve a problem, carry out a task or achieve a goal which would be beyond his unassisted efforts.

Question 8

guided participation

Answer 8

Learning by actively participating in culturally relevant activities

Question 9

what are the tools of thought?

Answer 9

• spoken language (shapes thought)
• private speech: speaking to ourselves in order to guide our thoughts and behaviours (helps with problem solving)

Question 10

schemes

Answer 10

Mental frameworks or ideas that help us organize and understand information about the world.

Question 11

What is Clinical method?

Answer 11

observing them closely and asking them questions

Question 12

Equilibration

Answer 12

The process of achieving mental stability.

AFTER new events seriously challenge old schemes, leading to cognitive conflict (and latter cognitive growth)

Question 13

Fischer’s Dynamic Skill Framework

Answer 13

It emphasizes that is not only improving at something. It is also the fact that our skills change and adapt based on our experiences

Question 14

Developmental range

Answer 14

The abilities of a person depent on the context that they are in

Question 15

object permanence

Answer 15

The Fundamental understanding that objects continue to exist even if they
are no longer visible

Question 16

A-not-B error

Answer 16

A test which proves that: infants continue to search for a hidden object in a previously successful location (A), even after seeing it moved to a new location (B)

Question 17

What are the substages of the sensorimotor period?

Answer 17

(1) Reflex activity: Behaviors that do not involve coordination or adaptation. (automatic, involuntary responses that happen in our bodies without us needing to think about them)

(2) Primary circular reactions: simple actions that babies repeat because they find them interesting or enjoyable, usually involving their own body

(3) Secondary circular reactions: intentionally repeat actions that produce interesting or novel effects on the environment

(4) Coordination of secondary schemes: Use more complex and intentional actions to achieve goals

(5) Tertiary circular reactions: experiment with different ways of achieving goals, (ex: trying out different solutions to a problem, trial-and-error)

(6) Beginning of thought: begin to use mental symbols and representational thinking to solve problems and plan actions

Question 17

symbolic capacity

Answer 17

The ability to use images, words, or gestures to represent objects

Question 18

In what way imaginary companions help an individual?

Answer 18

• Children know they are not real,
• They help them with cognitive and social development
• Allows them to develop their creativity

Question 19

what is conservation?

Answer 19

the idea that some properties of an object don’t change when its appearance is altered

Question 20

what is decentration?

Answer 20

Being capable of focusing on 2 or more dimensions of a problem

Question 21

centration

Answer 21

The tendensy to focus on only one aspect of a problem

Question 22

transformational thought

Answer 22

Being able to understand how things can change and what those changes look like

Question 22

Reversibility (child development)

Answer 22

The ability to understand that some actions can be reversed or undone

Question 23

Preoperational thinkers

Answer 23

• Unable to use the prosses of “transformational thought”
• they use “static thought” (struggling to understand how something can transform or develop over time)

Question 24

transductive reasoning

Answer 24

When we combine unrelated facts to generate a faulty conclusion

Question 25

egocentrism

Answer 25

Having difficulty recognizing or understanding other points of view

Question 26

what is “Difficulty with classification” ?

Answer 26

children change their sorting criteria from moment to moment beacuse they lack the concept of class inclusion

Question 27

class inclusion

Answer 27

Being able to understand that some parts are included
within a whole and some groups and subgroups

Question 28

inductive reasoning

Answer 28

Draw cause-effect conclusions logically based on facts

Question 29

multiple classification

Answer 29

Classify objects by multiple dimensions

Question 30

seriation

Answer 30

the ability to arrange objects, events or events in a specific order based on certain characteristics (such as size, color, or shape)

Question 31

transitivity

Answer 31

Being able to understand and logically combine relations between objects or events based on their serial order

Question 32

hypothetical-deductive reasoning

Answer 32

When we form hypothesis or educated guesses and then test them logically to see if they are correct

Question 33

what are the two forms of reasoning ?

Answer 33

intuitive and scientific

• coexist in older thinkers

Question 34

decontextualize

Answer 34

Being able to set aside what you already know or believe about a topic and focus only on the specific task or question in front of you.

Question 35

adolescent egocentrism

Answer 35

Being unable to differentiating one’s own thoughts from others

Question 36

imaginary audience

Answer 36

confusing your own thoughts with those of a hypothesized audience (extreme self conscious )

Question 37

personal fable

Answer 37

tendency to think one’s own thoughts and feelings are unique and nobody can understand them

Question 38

postformal thought

Answer 38

ways of thinking that are more complex than formal operational ones

Question 39

relativistic thinking

Answer 39

Being able to detecte paradoxes and inconsistencies among ideas and trying to
moderate them

Question 40

postformal thought (adults)

Answer 40

ways of thinking that are more complex than formal operational ones

Question 41

relativistic thinking (adults)

Answer 41

understanding that knowledge depends on the context and the
subjective perspective of the knower

Question 42

dialectical thinking (adults)

Answer 42

detecting paradoxes and inconsistencies among ideas and trying to
moderate them