Developmental chapter 15 Flashcards
The 3 criteria that form a line between normal and abnormal behavior
(1) statistical deviance (does the behavior fall outside the normal range of behavior)
(2) maladaptiveness ( behaviors, actions, or traits that are counterproductive or harmful to an individual’s well-being and ability to function effectively in their environment)
(3) Personal distress (the emotional discomfort, anxiety, or unease that a person experiences in response to challenging situations, stress, or the distress of others
DSM Diagnostic Criteria (for depression)
AT LEAST 5, including one of the first 2, for at least 2 week
- depressed moode nearly every day
- greatly decreased interest and pleasure in actvities
- significant weight loss or gain
- insomnia or sleeping too much
- agitation, restlessness, slowness
- loss of energy
- feelings worthlessness, extreme guilt
- decreased ability to think or concentrate, indecisiveness
- recurring thoughts of death, suicide - actual plans or attempts
Developmental PSYCHOPATHOLOGY:
Abnormal ,social and communication development,
restricted interests, and repetitive behavior
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the study of mental disorders, including their symptoms, causes, and treatments
diathesis-stress model
results from interaction over time between diathesis
(predisposition to psychological disorders) and stressful experiences
Asperger syndrome
mild form of ASD, average intelligence, good verbal skills, and social
relationships but has deficient social cognitive (ental abilities that help individuals understand, interpret, and respond to social interactions and the behaviors of others) and communication
skills
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
abnormal social and communication development, restricted interests, and repetitive behavior
Applied behavior analysis (ABA)
applying reinforcement principles to teach skills, change behavior, and shape social and language skills in children with autism
Biological aspect of ASD
- ASD is comorbid with many other disorders
- Many ASD children show neurological abnormalities:
→ early brain overgrowth
→ later underconnectivity between brain area involved in social
cognition - Genetics play an important role in the development of ASD
(For the child) externalizing problems
lack of self-control and acting out in ways that disturb other people
and violate social expectations
(For the child) internalizing problems
negative emotions are bottled up, rather than expressed externall
ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)
diagnosed if either one of the following symptoms or a combination of the two, is present:
→ inattention
→ hyperactivity and impulsivity
ADHD details
difficulties in executive functions (a set of mental skills that help people manage their thoughts, emotions, and behaviors to achieve goals)
- problems with dopamine and norepinephrine
Depression details
- children as young as 3 can meet the DSM criteria for major depressive disorder
- cognitive behavioral therapy is an approach that identifies and changes distorted thinking and the maladaptive emotions and behavior that stem from it
- parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT) → for very young children
↳ behavior therapy focused on improving the relationship between a child and their caregiver
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Substance Use Disorder
when a person continues to use a substance despite adverse consequences such as physically dangerous situations, performance impairment, etc
ruminative coping
→ dwelling unproductively on problems, often with other friends
↳ can explain greater stress in girls
Depression and suicidal behavior (details)
depression rates climb in adolescence and adulthood
↳ the rate for females doubles compared to the male rate
adolescents attempt suicide more frequently than adults do
dementia leaves two signs in the brain:
senile plaques (abnormal clumps of protein that build up in the spaces between nerve cells in the brain)
neurofibrillary tangles (abnormal accumulations of a protein called tau inside neurons)
dementia
progressive deterioration of neural functioning associated with cognitive decline
Alzheimer’s disease is the most common subtype of dementia
vascular dementia
multi-infarct dementia, caused by a series of minor strokes that cut off the blood supply to areas of the brain
Lewy body dementia
fluctuations in cognitive functioning, visual hallucinations, and often
motor and balance problems
reversible dementias
→ cases of significant cognitive decline that can be treated/cured
cognitive reserve
extra brain power or cognitive capacity that some people can fall back on as aging and disease begin to take a toll on brain functioning
delirium
disturbance of the consciousness that marked by periods of disorientation, confusion, wandering attention and hallucination
It is treatable
emerges more rapidly than dementia and comes and goes over the day
