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psych > developmental ch. 8-13 > Flashcards

developmental ch. 8-13 Flashcards

1
Q

Kohlbergs Moral Stages
1-Preonventional Stage
2-Conventional
3-Postconventional

A

Preconventional-acts according to “will i get punished”
1-Punishment and Obedience Orientation-he cant steal the drug cuz he’ll get punished.
2-Self-Interest and Orientation-he should steal it cuz his wife will love him more.
–>dominates among 10 year olds and decreases among teen years.

Convetional-moral reasoning is based on societal expectations
3-Good Interpersonal Relationships-he has to steal cuz thats what a good husband does.
4-Maintaining the Social Order-he cant steal cuz if he does, others will too so law will break down.

Postconventional-moral reasoning is beyond societys rules
5-Social Contact and Individuals Rights-he cant steal it cuz its disrespfull for the creator of the drug.
6-Universal Principles-the value of human life is more important than some creators rights.

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2
Q

Validity on Kohlbergs Theory

A

-lack of control for confounds (like different personalities, intelligence…)

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3
Q

Alternative Theories for Moral Development
-Bandura
-Evolutionary Theory (Krebs and Tomasello)

A

-bandura-moral development is affected by observational learning, reinforcements, self-regulation processes, moral disengagement, situational influences.
–>moral disengagement- kotu birsey yaptigimizda kendimizi kinanamizi engelliyo.

-evolutionary theor-humans have evolved to have moral and prosocial tendendices so they can live in a group peacefully.

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4
Q

Joint Attention

A

-develops around 1 year.
-if it develops late or not at all–>sign of autism.

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5
Q

Pretend Play

A

-ability to distunguish the reality from pretend.

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6
Q

Imitation

A

-understanding other people has emotions.
-develops in first year.

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7
Q

Emotional Understanding

A

-develops in second year.

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8
Q

Desire Psychology
-Belief-Desire Psychology

A

-expressing what they want.
-develops around age 2.

-belief-desire psychology-understanding desires guide peoples behavior (develops around age 3 to 4)

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9
Q

Age 5 to 7–>better understanding that peoles behavior dont neccesarily reflect their actual thoughts or feelings.

A
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10
Q

Instrumential Helping (12-14 Months)

A

-helping with goal-directed behavior. (picking up an object…)

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11
Q

Empatetic Helping (18-24 Months)

A

-response to someones pain (comforting..)

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12
Q

Girls show more prosocial behavior.

A
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13
Q

Prosocial Behavior occurs in Piagets concrete operational phase.

A
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14
Q

Children younger than 7-8 describe peole or themselves more is physical appeance, but after 7-8 they describe more in mental traits.

A
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15
Q

Reactive Aggression

A

-direct response to thread/frustration.

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16
Q

Proactive Agression

A

-agression with a intended goal (hitting a kid to get his toy…)

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17
Q

Direct Agression

A

hitting, calling names like visible agression.

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18
Q

Relational Agression

A

like bullying, harming social status (not inviting someone to a party…)

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19
Q

Antisocial Risk Behavior
1-Life-Course Persistent
2-Adolescence Limited

A

1-they have neuro-cognitive deficits.
2-it dissepears after puberty.

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20
Q

The Conduct Disorder

A

-the most seriously disturbed out of these people got diagnosed with this.
-its a persistent pattern of violating societal norms in a bad way.

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21
Q

Dodge’s Information Processing Model

A

-we trip to someones foot and fall, our anger/frustratio depends on how we interpret the situation.

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22
Q

Watsons Advice on Raising Children

A

-treat them as little adults, treat them with like mesafeli oyle ana kuzusu gibi degil.

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23
Q

Internal Working Models

A

securely attached infants will form a internat working model suggesting they’re lovable.

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24
Q

Adults are hormonally prepared for caregiving.

A

Oxytocin is prime for forming attachments and plays a role in facilating caregiving parent role.

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25
Secure Attachment Insecure Attachment Avoidant Attachment Resistant/Ambivalent Attachment Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment
-Insecure-doesnt respond happily when parent returns and cant be comfronted by the parent, clingy. -Avoidant-shows little amotion when parent returns. -Resistant-much seperation anxiety and incosolable when parent returns but also ressitant.
26
How Does a Child Get Securely Attached
1-Sensitive Parenting 2-Intergenerational Parenting-if the parent is securely attached, so is the child.
27
Solitary Play Parallel Play Associative Play Cooperative Play
solitary-alone parallell-playing side by side but no communication. associative play-playing on their own but comments on each others drawing for example cooperarive-playing together.
28
Bradford Brows Adolescence Relationship View 1-Initiation Phase 2-Status Phase 3-Affection Phase 4-Bonding Phase
1-crushes, awkwardness... 2-choosing partner based on peer approval and having the "right" kind of partner. 3-depper emotional connection 4-long-term relationships.
29
Standart Hypothesis
power of influence increases during early edolescence, decreases during late adolescence
30
Steinberg&Monahan Hypothesis
power of influence decreases during adolescence (linear)
31
Sternberg's Theory of Love
1-Passion 2-Intimacy 3-Commitmant -Consummate Love-ideal form of love, involves all three. -Companionate Love-it has intimacy and commitment but no passion.
32
7 years of marriage is the riskiest for divorce.
33
Cohabituation
ayni evde yasamak
34
Deinstitutionalization
decline in marriage, alternative family forms.
35
Trial Marriage
trying to live together before marrying to see if ur compatible.
36
Partnerler evlenmeden "yapilmamasi" gereken seyleri yapmazsa daha basarili marital success.
37
Decrease in self-esteem related to giving birth.
38
Empty Nest Sydrome
parents feeling sad when their kid leaves home but it increases marital satisfaction.
39
Middle Generation Squezee
middle aged adult feeling pressured from older and yoounger generations.
40
Caregiver Burden
stress associated with havinf to take care of someone.
41
Adult Attachment Styles 1-Anxious-Preoccupied 2-Dissmissing-Avoidant 3-Fearful-Avoidant
1-positive view of other but feels unlovable, fear of rejection, seeking constant reaasurance. 2-have positive view of themselves but dont trust others, dissmisses the importance of relationships, prioritize own needs, independence. 3-have negative view of themselves and others. conflicting desires in intimacy, struggle to open up emotionally.
42
People with either secure or dissmissing-avoidant attachment tend to be happier.
43
Mary Rothbart's Theory on Infant Temperament
involves 2 main things; 1-How strongly and quickly infants react 2-how well infants control reactions.
44
Infant Temperament can be Undestood in 3 Dimensions; 1-Surgency/Extraversion 2-Negative Affectivity 3-Effortfull Control
1-how active and poitive the child is. 2-how often infant feels negative emotions. 3-how well infanft focus and control their impulses.
45
Surgency/Extraversion and Negative Affectivity is evident from infancy.
46
How to measure Temperament 1-Exuberance 2-Fear-Eliciting Condition 3-Anger-Elicitng Condition
1-entartaining with muppets, measures laughter. 2-child enters the room filled with scary toys. 3-restrain the child to the car seat and rate frustration.
47
Exuberance temperament is hight risk for acting out. Parental Adive...
-sensitive, positive parenting. -calm reasoning. -time-outs for bad behavior.
48
Girls follow the rules better than boys.
49
Marshmellow Test
-u can eat the marshmellow or u can wait and eat 2 marshmellows. -->children who eats 2 are more succesfull in school. -->children with low socioeconomic status eats the first one cuz life doesnt have guarantess.
50
Correlstion between early childhood and adult traits are usually small.
51
Elementary school years begin to predict adult personality.
52
Moratorium Period
period during uni and highschool, ur more free from responsibilities, so u can find urself.
53
Sense of Agency
feeling of control over actions and their consequences.
54
Child ability thats they're seperate individuals from others is crucial for joint attention.
55
Categorical Self
toddler seieng themselves as a part of a category (gender, family roles...)
56
Identity Formation 1-Identity Diffusion 2-Identity Foreclosure 3-Identity Moraterium 4-Identity Achievement
1-individuals have not explored different identities or made commitments. 2-individuals have made a commitment but didnt explore other identitys 3-exploring other identitys, havent made a commitment yet. 4-finding urself,made a commitment.
57
Vocational Identity
work identity, what u wanna do for work.
58
Midlife Crisis 1-Strong Conceptualization 2-Moderate Conceptualization 3-Neither Strong or Moderate Conceptualization
3-markers of midlife crisis can happen anytime at life.
59
Children with authorative parents are academically more succesfull.
60
Emotional abuse almost always present when other forms identified. Types can be found separately, but often occur in combination
61
Sexual abuse happens most often to children between 8 and 12 years.
62
Consequences of Childhood Maltreatment
Structural brain changes in maltreated children: * Reduced prefrontal cortex volume.
63
Resillience
developmental process where a positive adjustment takes place despite traumatic events or severe setbacks.
64
People with a history of some lifetime adversity reported better mental health and well-being than not only people with a high history of adversity but also than people with no history of adversity.
65
Family System Theory
considers family as a whole with interrelated parts.
66
Nuclear Family
-father, mother and at least one child.
67
Family Life Cycle
changes in family roles, relationships etc.
68
1-Authoritarian Parent 2-Authoritative Parent 3-Permissive Parent 4-Neglectful Parent
1-combining high demangdingness-control and low acceptance-responsiveness. 2-demanding and controlling but sensitive to the child. 3-high acceptance-control, permissive parents. 4-low demandiness-control and low acceptance-responsivenes.
69
Family Stress Model
economic and environmental stressors affect family functioning and child development.
70
Parent Effects Model
parents are the primary agents shaping their children's behaviors. (blame the parents)
71
Child Effects Model
a calm, easy-to-handle child might make parents feel more relaxed, while a challenging child might stress them out more.
72
Interractional Model
views communication as a back-and-forth process where people take turns sending and receiving messages.
73
Transactional Model
sees communication and development as a continuous, two-way process where everyone involved influences each other at the same time.
74
Intergenrational Transmission of Parenting
parenting behaviors, beliefs, and practices are passed down from one generation.
75
ADHD More common in boys, but often underdiagnosed in girls.
76
Most children with ADHD have comorbidities (e.g., conduct disorders, anxiety, depression)
77
Infancy: children with ADHD are typically very active, have difficult temperaments, show irregular feeding and sleeping patterns.
78
ADHD In adulthood: still disorganization, lapses of concentration, procrastination, impulsive decisions.
79
For ADHD, medication alone seems more effective than behavioral treatment alone but achieving long-term effects is hard.
80
Children as young as 3 years old can meet the same DSM criteria for major depressive disorder as in adults.
Depression, often comorbidity with anxiety, conduct disorder, ADHD.
81
Antidepressant drugs for children depression
not as effective as adults, may increase suicidality.
82
Males show higher rates substance use and abuse than females.
83
During adolescence, girls more depressed.
84
Counter-Hedonic
involving the intentional pursuit of negative or unpleasant emotions.
85
Age Effect
changes that occur as a result of growing older.
86
Cohort Effect
differences that arise from the unique experiences and encountered by a group of people born and in the same period.
87

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