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psych > developmental ch. 8-13 > Flashcards

developmental ch. 8-13 Flashcards

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1
Q

Kohlbergs Moral Stages
1-Preonventional Stage
2-Conventional
3-Postconventional

A

Preconventional-acts according to “will i get punished”
1-Punishment and Obedience Orientation-he cant steal the drug cuz he’ll get punished.
2-Self-Interest and Orientation-he should steal it cuz his wife will love him more.
–>dominates among 10 year olds and decreases among teen years.

Convetional-moral reasoning is based on societal expectations
3-Good Interpersonal Relationships-he has to steal cuz thats what a good husband does.
4-Maintaining the Social Order-he cant steal cuz if he does, others will too so law will break down.

Postconventional-moral reasoning is beyond societys rules
5-Social Contact and Individuals Rights-he cant steal it cuz its disrespfull for the creator of the drug.
6-Universal Principles-the value of human life is more important than some creators rights.

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2
Q

Validity on Kohlbergs Theory

A

-lack of control for confounds (like different personalities, intelligence…)

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3
Q

Alternative Theories for Moral Development
-Bandura
-Evolutionary Theory (Krebs and Tomasello)

A

-bandura-moral development is affected by observational learning, reinforcements, self-regulation processes, moral disengagement, situational influences.
–>moral disengagement- kotu birsey yaptigimizda kendimizi kinanamizi engelliyo.

-evolutionary theor-humans have evolved to have moral and prosocial tendendices so they can live in a group peacefully.

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4
Q

Joint Attention

A

-develops around 1 year.
-if it develops late or not at all–>sign of autism.

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5
Q

Pretend Play

A

-ability to distunguish the reality from pretend.

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6
Q

Imitation

A

-understanding other people has emotions.
-develops in first year.

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7
Q

Emotional Understanding

A

-develops in second year.

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8
Q

Desire Psychology
-Belief-Desire Psychology

A

-expressing what they want.
-develops around age 2.

-belief-desire psychology-understanding desires guide peoples behavior (develops around age 3 to 4)

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9
Q

Age 5 to 7–>better understanding that peoles behavior dont neccesarily reflect their actual thoughts or feelings.

A
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10
Q

Instrumential Helping (12-14 Months)

A

-helping with goal-directed behavior. (picking up an object…)

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11
Q

Empatetic Helping (18-24 Months)

A

-response to someones pain (comforting..)

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12
Q

Girls show more prosocial behavior.

A
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13
Q

Prosocial Behavior occurs in Piagets concrete operational phase.

A
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14
Q

Children younger than 7-8 describe peole or themselves more is physical appeance, but after 7-8 they describe more in mental traits.

A
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15
Q

Reactive Aggression

A

-direct response to thread/frustration.

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16
Q

Proactive Agression

A

-agression with a intended goal (hitting a kid to get his toy…)

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17
Q

Direct Agression

A

hitting, calling names like visible agression.

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18
Q

Relational Agression

A

like bullying, harming social status (not inviting someone to a party…)

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19
Q

Antisocial Risk Behavior
1-Life-Course Persistent
2-Adolescence Limited

A

1-they have neuro-cognitive deficits.
2-it dissepears after puberty.

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20
Q

The Conduct Disorder

A

-the most seriously disturbed out of these people got diagnosed with this.
-its a persistent pattern of violating societal norms in a bad way.

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21
Q

Dodge’s Information Processing Model

A

-we trip to someones foot and fall, our anger/frustratio depends on how we interpret the situation.

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22
Q

Watsons Advice on Raising Children

A

-treat them as little adults, treat them with like mesafeli oyle ana kuzusu gibi degil.

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23
Q

Internal Working Models

A

securely attached infants will form a internat working model suggesting they’re lovable.

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24
Q

Adults are hormonally prepared for caregiving.

A

Oxytocin is prime for forming attachments and plays a role in facilating caregiving parent role.

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25
Q

Secure Attachment
Insecure Attachment
Avoidant Attachment
Resistant/Ambivalent Attachment
Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment

A

-Insecure-doesnt respond happily when parent returns and cant be comfronted by the parent, clingy.

-Avoidant-shows little amotion when parent returns.

-Resistant-much seperation anxiety and incosolable when parent returns but also ressitant.

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26
Q

How Does a Child Get Securely Attached

A

1-Sensitive Parenting
2-Intergenerational Parenting-if the parent is securely attached, so is the child.

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27
Q

Solitary Play
Parallel Play
Associative Play
Cooperative Play

A

solitary-alone
parallell-playing side by side but no communication.
associative play-playing on their own but comments on each others drawing for example
cooperarive-playing together.

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28
Q

Bradford Brows Adolescence Relationship View
1-Initiation Phase
2-Status Phase
3-Affection Phase
4-Bonding Phase

A

1-crushes, awkwardness…
2-choosing partner based on peer approval and having the “right” kind of partner.
3-depper emotional connection
4-long-term relationships.

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29
Q

Standart Hypothesis

A

power of influence increases during early edolescence, decreases during late adolescence

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30
Q

Steinberg&Monahan Hypothesis

A

power of influence decreases during adolescence (linear)

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31
Q

Sternberg’s Theory of Love

A

1-Passion
2-Intimacy
3-Commitmant

-Consummate Love-ideal form of love, involves all three.

-Companionate Love-it has intimacy and commitment but no passion.

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32
Q

7 years of marriage is the riskiest for divorce.

A
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33
Q

Cohabituation

A

ayni evde yasamak

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34
Q

Deinstitutionalization

A

decline in marriage, alternative family forms.

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35
Q

Trial Marriage

A

trying to live together before marrying to see if ur compatible.

36
Q

Partnerler evlenmeden “yapilmamasi” gereken seyleri yapmazsa daha basarili marital success.

A
37
Q

Decrease in self-esteem related to giving birth.

A
38
Q

Empty Nest Sydrome

A

parents feeling sad when their kid leaves home but it increases marital satisfaction.

39
Q

Middle Generation Squezee

A

middle aged adult feeling pressured from older and yoounger generations.

40
Q

Caregiver Burden

A

stress associated with havinf to take care of someone.

41
Q

Adult Attachment Styles
1-Anxious-Preoccupied
2-Dissmissing-Avoidant
3-Fearful-Avoidant

A

1-positive view of other but feels unlovable, fear of rejection, seeking constant reaasurance.

2-have positive view of themselves but dont trust others, dissmisses the importance of relationships, prioritize own needs, independence.

3-have negative view of themselves and others. conflicting desires in intimacy, struggle to open up emotionally.

42
Q

People with either secure or dissmissing-avoidant attachment tend to be happier.

A
43
Q

Mary Rothbart’s Theory on Infant Temperament

A

involves 2 main things;
1-How strongly and quickly infants react
2-how well infants control reactions.

44
Q

Infant Temperament can be Undestood in 3 Dimensions;
1-Surgency/Extraversion
2-Negative Affectivity
3-Effortfull Control

A

1-how active and poitive the child is.
2-how often infant feels negative emotions.
3-how well infanft focus and control their impulses.

45
Q

Surgency/Extraversion and Negative Affectivity is evident from infancy.

A
46
Q

How to measure Temperament
1-Exuberance
2-Fear-Eliciting Condition
3-Anger-Elicitng Condition

A

1-entartaining with muppets, measures laughter.
2-child enters the room filled with scary toys.
3-restrain the child to the car seat and rate frustration.

47
Q

Exuberance temperament is hight risk for acting out.
Parental Adive…

A

-sensitive, positive parenting.
-calm reasoning.
-time-outs for bad behavior.

48
Q

Girls follow the rules better than boys.

A
49
Q

Marshmellow Test

A

-u can eat the marshmellow or u can wait and eat 2 marshmellows.

–>children who eats 2 are more succesfull in school.
–>children with low socioeconomic status eats the first one cuz life doesnt have guarantess.

50
Q

Correlstion between early childhood and adult traits are usually small.

A
51
Q

Elementary school years begin to predict adult personality.

A
52
Q

Moratorium Period

A

period during uni and highschool, ur more free from responsibilities, so u can find urself.

53
Q

Sense of Agency

A

feeling of control over actions and their consequences.

54
Q

Child ability thats they’re seperate individuals from others is crucial for joint attention.

A
55
Q

Categorical Self

A

toddler seieng themselves as a part of a category (gender, family roles…)

56
Q

Identity Formation
1-Identity Diffusion
2-Identity Foreclosure
3-Identity Moraterium
4-Identity Achievement

A

1-individuals have not explored different identities or made commitments.
2-individuals have made a commitment but didnt explore other identitys
3-exploring other identitys, havent made a commitment yet.
4-finding urself,made a commitment.

57
Q

Vocational Identity

A

work identity, what u wanna do for work.

58
Q

Midlife Crisis
1-Strong Conceptualization
2-Moderate Conceptualization
3-Neither Strong or Moderate Conceptualization

A

3-markers of midlife crisis can happen anytime at life.

59
Q

Children with authorative parents are academically more succesfull.

A
60
Q

Emotional abuse almost always present when other forms identified.

Types can be found separately, but often occur in combination

A
61
Q

Sexual abuse happens most often to children between 8 and 12 years.

A
62
Q

Consequences of Childhood Maltreatment

A

Structural brain changes in maltreated children:
* Reduced prefrontal cortex volume.

63
Q

Resillience

A

developmental process where a positive
adjustment takes place despite traumatic events or severe setbacks.

64
Q

People with a history of some lifetime
adversity reported better mental health
and well-being than not only people with
a high history of adversity but also than
people with no history of adversity.

A
65
Q

Family System Theory

A

considers family as a whole with interrelated parts.

66
Q

Nuclear Family

A

-father, mother and at least one child.

67
Q

Family Life Cycle

A

changes in family roles, relationships etc.

68
Q

1-Authoritarian Parent
2-Authoritative Parent
3-Permissive Parent
4-Neglectful Parent

A

1-combining high demangdingness-control and low acceptance-responsiveness.
2-demanding and controlling but sensitive to the child.
3-high acceptance-control, permissive parents.
4-low demandiness-control and low acceptance-responsivenes.

69
Q

Family Stress Model

A

economic and environmental stressors affect family functioning and child development.

70
Q

Parent Effects Model

A

parents are the primary agents shaping their children’s behaviors. (blame the parents)

71
Q

Child Effects Model

A

a calm, easy-to-handle child might make parents feel more relaxed, while a challenging child might stress them out more.

72
Q

Interractional Model

A

views communication as a back-and-forth process where people take turns sending and receiving messages.

73
Q

Transactional Model

A

sees communication and development as a continuous, two-way process where everyone involved influences each other at the same time.

74
Q

Intergenrational Transmission of Parenting

A

parenting behaviors, beliefs, and practices are passed down from one generation.

75
Q

ADHD More common in boys, but often underdiagnosed in girls.

A
76
Q

Most children with ADHD have comorbidities (e.g., conduct disorders, anxiety,
depression)

A
77
Q

Infancy: children with ADHD are typically very active, have difficult temperaments, show irregular feeding and sleeping patterns.

A
78
Q

ADHD In adulthood: still disorganization, lapses of concentration, procrastination,
impulsive decisions.

A
79
Q

For ADHD, medication alone seems more effective than behavioral treatment alone but achieving long-term effects is hard.

A
80
Q

Children as young as 3 years old can meet the same DSM criteria for major depressive disorder as in adults.

A

Depression, often comorbidity with anxiety, conduct disorder, ADHD.

81
Q

Antidepressant drugs for children depression

A

not as effective as adults, may increase suicidality.

82
Q

Males show higher rates substance use and abuse than females.

A
83
Q

During adolescence, girls more depressed.

A
84
Q

Counter-Hedonic

A

involving the intentional pursuit of negative or unpleasant emotions.

85
Q

Age Effect

A

changes that occur as a result of growing older.

86
Q

Cohort Effect

A

differences that arise from the unique experiences and encountered by a group of people born and in the same period.

87
Q
A

psych (9 decks)

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