Bio Psych lecture 4

Question 1

Erthrocytes

Answer 1

-red blood cells.

Question 2

Leukocytes

Answer 2

-white blook cells.

Question 3

Phagocytes
Granulocytes
Monocytes
Dendritic cells

Answer 3

-eating cells
-granulocytes are eat and die cells.
-monocytes eat larger pieces, they are slower and live longer, activated version is macrophage.

Question 4

Lymphocytes

Answer 4

-recognize and remove T-Cells, B-Clells, NK Cells.

Question 5

Non-communicable Disease

Answer 5

bulasici olmayan

Question 6

Viruses
Acellular
Glycoprotein

Answer 6

-viruses are not alive, cannot divide, they infect host cell and uses its repliction process to produce.
-entirely dependent on host cells.
-viruses use glyocoprotein to attach to their host cells.

-viruses can use either DNA or RNA.
-to replicate RNA, they encode enzymes but its more likely to create mutations cuz of a mistake during transcription.
-more rapid change in RNA viruses.

-DNA viruses (chichkenpox, hepatisis B, herpes…)
-RNA viruses (hepatitis C)

Question 7

Virions have…

Answer 7

capsids (protective protein coverage layer.)

Question 8

Capsids

Answer 8

-made out of capsomeres.
-viral envelope is the structre that surrounds the capsid.

Question 9

Adenovirus

Answer 9

-nonenveloped so more resistant to environmental conditions, causes respitory illnesses in humans.

-nonenveloped viruses more likely to resist to changes in tempreture, ph…

Question 10

Cythopathic Effects

Answer 10

-dramatic chemical and structural change in the host cell.
-can change or destroy the cell.

Question 11

Budding

Answer 11

-animal viruses like HIV leaving the cell individually.

Question 12

Viral Replication Cycle

Answer 12

-attachment
-penetration
-uncoating
-replication
-assembly
-release

Question 13

Attachemnt to the host cell

Answer 13

-viruses has spesific attachment proteins.
-virus can only attach to correct receptors

Question 14

Entry to the Cell
-Bacteriophages

Answer 14

-bacteriopaghes inject their DNA or RNA into the host cell.
-plant and animal viruses enter through endocytosis.

Question 15

Uncoating

Answer 15

-once inside the cells, capsids is broken down and viral nucleid acid is released and is ready for replication.

Question 16

Release of New Viruses
-Cell Lysis
Budding

Answer 16

new viruses need to leave the host cell to infect other in some way
-cell lysis-host cell burst open and releases new viruses but cell is dead.
-budding-getting a piece from the host cell as their new envelope.

Question 17

same approach for ebola and kuduz.

Question 18

antiviral drugs dont cure but it reduces/controls the symptoms.

Answer 18

-they stop viruses by blocking the proteins that makes the virus.

Question 19

Anti HIV Drugs

Answer 19

-they work by attacking different stages of replication process.

-they work cuz it cant develop ressitance to all of it.

Question 20

Innate Immune System

Answer 20

nonspesific toward a pathogen.

Question 21

Active Immune System

Answer 21

-spesific.

Question 22

Protein Keratin

Answer 22

resits physical entry to the cell.

Question 23

Mucous membranes

Answer 23

-body openings are protected by this.
-sticky mucus provides trap for pathogens.
-cilia moves pathogens towards the mouth so it can be swallowed or coughed out.

Question 24

white blood cell is larger than a red blood cell.

Question 25

amoeboid movement

Answer 25

-type of movement used by some cells.

Question 26

Mast Cells

Answer 26

-plays an important role in allergies.
-residence in connective tissues, especially musocal tissues.
-responsible for releasing chemicals for physical injury.

Question 27

Cytokines
-Interferons

Answer 27

-when pathogen is recognized as foreign, cytokine is released.
-released to warn nearby cells.

-interfeurons-early acting cytokines
they stimulate uninfected cells to produce smth that interferes with viral replication.

-cytokines encourage inflammation and histamine causes inflamation.
-inflammatory response enters extracellular fluid and causes cappilaries to expands and become leaky which causes swelling.

-cytokines sends signal to the nervous system for the symptoms of being sick.
-it also increases the fever which inhibit growh of pathogens and speed up repair process.

Question 28

Neutrophil

Answer 28

-first responder.
-most ebundant (fazla miktarda bulunmak) white blood cell.

Question 29

Macrophages

Answer 29

-after neutrophils, it takes over the phagocytosis and cleans up the cell debris.

Question 30

Lymphocytes are part of the adaptive immune system

Question 31

Natural killer cells are part of innate immune system.

Question 32

MHC Class 1 Molecules

Answer 32

-provide sample of cells internal environment.

Question 33

MHC

Answer 33

-crucial for recognize and respond to pathogens.

Question 34

Complement Proteins

Answer 34

attracted to pathogens that are already tagged by the body.

-complement system indicate a pathogen and helps to engulf (yutma) them.

Question 35

Cell-Mediated Immune Response
Hummoral Immune Response

Answer 35

-cell mediated-T-Cells
-humoral-B-Cells, Antogens and Th

Question 36

T and B cells
-immunocompetent

Answer 36

kill the pathogen directly or secrete antibodies to kill them.

-B-cells remain in the bone narrow to mature.
-T-cells go to thymus to mature.
-maturing means being immunocompetent, so recognizing spesific pathogens.

-each B-cell has a one kind of receptor.

Question 37

Cytokines makes B-cells divide, daughet B cell can become;
Plasma Cells
Memory B Cells

Answer 37

-plasma-producing large amount of antigens which can be found in bodily fluids.

-memory B-stays inactive but remember the pathogens for future.

Question 38

Phogyctic Cells

Answer 38

-becomes more effective in presenc of antigen-antibody-complex.

-antibodies encourage inflamamtion and their presenc in mucus and skin prevent pathogen attack.

Question 39

Neutralizing Pathogens

Answer 39

-they cant enter or attack the cell.
-neutralized pathogens exit body through urine or feces.

Question 40

Opsonization

Answer 40

-antibodies mark pathogens for destruction.

Question 41

APCs
-Antigen Fragments

Answer 41

-they are broken down with phagocytosis and broken down fragments are called antigen fragments.
-helper T-cells only recognize these antigen fragmanets in presence of MHC Class 2 Molecules and activate the immune response.

Question 42

2 Types ofT-Cells
TH
TC

Answer 42

TH-functions indirectly to other immune cells warns them abt a pathogen.

TH1 and TH2 cells
-TH1 activte macrophagrs and other T-Cells by releasing cytokines.
-TH2 stimulates B-Cells to produce antibosdies

TC-key component for adaptive immune system, attacks and destroys cells directly.
-T-Cells are collectivelt called Effector Cells.

Question 43

T-Cells became actived with…

Answer 43

B-Cells or Cytotoxic Cells.

Question 44

Lymph Nodes

Answer 44

APCs in lymph nodes warn the nearby T and B cells abt potential pathogens.

Question 45

Spleen

Answer 45

APCs communicate with lymphnodes. Spleen helps filter out pathogens from the blood.
-plasma cells produce antibodies that helps fight off the infection.

Question 46

Immune tolerance in Digestive system is crucial cuz..

Answer 46

we come across so many harmless substances (like food) and wanna make sure our body doesnt unnecesarily react to those substances.
-T-Cells work to keep the immune system from overreacting to harmless things.

Question 47

Helper T-Cells plays a crucial role in adaptive immunity system.