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Bio Psych lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Erthrocytes

A

-red blood cells.

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2
Q

Leukocytes

A

-white blook cells.

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3
Q

Phagocytes
Granulocytes
Monocytes
Dendritic cells

A

-eating cells
-granulocytes are eat and die cells.
-monocytes eat larger pieces, they are slower and live longer, activated version is macrophage.

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4
Q

Lymphocytes

A

-recognize and remove T-Cells, B-Clells, NK Cells.

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5
Q

Non-communicable Disease

A

bulasici olmayan

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6
Q

Viruses
Acellular
Glycoprotein

A

-viruses are not alive, cannot divide, they infect host cell and uses its repliction process to produce.
-entirely dependent on host cells.
-viruses use glyocoprotein to attach to their host cells.

-viruses can use either DNA or RNA.
-to replicate RNA, they encode enzymes but its more likely to create mutations cuz of a mistake during transcription.
-more rapid change in RNA viruses.

-DNA viruses (chichkenpox, hepatisis B, herpes…)
-RNA viruses (hepatitis C)

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7
Q

Virions have…

A

capsids (protective protein coverage layer.)

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8
Q

Capsids

A

-made out of capsomeres.
-viral envelope is the structre that surrounds the capsid.

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9
Q

Adenovirus

A

-nonenveloped so more resistant to environmental conditions, causes respitory illnesses in humans.

-nonenveloped viruses more likely to resist to changes in tempreture, ph…

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10
Q

Cythopathic Effects

A

-dramatic chemical and structural change in the host cell.
-can change or destroy the cell.

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11
Q

Budding

A

-animal viruses like HIV leaving the cell individually.

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12
Q

Viral Replication Cycle

A

-attachment
-penetration
-uncoating
-replication
-assembly
-release

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13
Q

Attachemnt to the host cell

A

-viruses has spesific attachment proteins.
-virus can only attach to correct receptors

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14
Q

Entry to the Cell
-Bacteriophages

A

-bacteriopaghes inject their DNA or RNA into the host cell.
-plant and animal viruses enter through endocytosis.

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15
Q

Uncoating

A

-once inside the cells, capsids is broken down and viral nucleid acid is released and is ready for replication.

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16
Q

Release of New Viruses
-Cell Lysis
Budding

A

new viruses need to leave the host cell to infect other in some way
-cell lysis-host cell burst open and releases new viruses but cell is dead.
-budding-getting a piece from the host cell as their new envelope.

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17
Q

same approach for ebola and kuduz.

A
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18
Q

antiviral drugs dont cure but it reduces/controls the symptoms.

A

-they stop viruses by blocking the proteins that makes the virus.

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19
Q

Anti HIV Drugs

A

-they work by attacking different stages of replication process.

-they work cuz it cant develop ressitance to all of it.

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20
Q

Innate Immune System

A

nonspesific toward a pathogen.

21
Q

Active Immune System

A

-spesific.

22
Q

Protein Keratin

A

resits physical entry to the cell.

23
Q

Mucous membranes

A

-body openings are protected by this.
-sticky mucus provides trap for pathogens.
-cilia moves pathogens towards the mouth so it can be swallowed or coughed out.

24
Q

white blood cell is larger than a red blood cell.

25
amoeboid movement
-type of movement used by some cells.
26
Mast Cells
-plays an important role in allergies. -residence in connective tissues, especially musocal tissues. -responsible for releasing chemicals for physical injury.
27
Cytokines -Interferons
-when pathogen is recognized as foreign, cytokine is released. -released to warn nearby cells. -interfeurons-early acting cytokines they stimulate uninfected cells to produce smth that interferes with viral replication. -cytokines encourage inflammation and histamine causes inflamation. -inflammatory response enters extracellular fluid and causes cappilaries to expands and become leaky which causes swelling. -cytokines sends signal to the nervous system for the symptoms of being sick. -it also increases the fever which inhibit growh of pathogens and speed up repair process.
28
Neutrophil
-first responder. -most ebundant (fazla miktarda bulunmak) white blood cell.
29
Macrophages
-after neutrophils, it takes over the phagocytosis and cleans up the cell debris.
30
Lymphocytes are part of the adaptive immune system
31
Natural killer cells are part of innate immune system.
32
MHC Class 1 Molecules
-provide sample of cells internal environment.
33
MHC
-crucial for recognize and respond to pathogens.
34
Complement Proteins
attracted to pathogens that are already tagged by the body. -complement system indicate a pathogen and helps to engulf (yutma) them.
35
Cell-Mediated Immune Response Hummoral Immune Response
-cell mediated-T-Cells -humoral-B-Cells, Antogens and Th
36
T and B cells -immunocompetent
kill the pathogen directly or secrete antibodies to kill them. -B-cells remain in the bone narrow to mature. -T-cells go to thymus to mature. -maturing means being immunocompetent, so recognizing spesific pathogens. -each B-cell has a one kind of receptor.
37
Cytokines makes B-cells divide, daughet B cell can become; Plasma Cells Memory B Cells
-plasma-producing large amount of antigens which can be found in bodily fluids. -memory B-stays inactive but remember the pathogens for future.
38
Phogyctic Cells
-becomes more effective in presenc of antigen-antibody-complex. -antibodies encourage inflamamtion and their presenc in mucus and skin prevent pathogen attack.
39
Neutralizing Pathogens
-they cant enter or attack the cell. -neutralized pathogens exit body through urine or feces.
40
Opsonization
-antibodies mark pathogens for destruction.
41
APCs -Antigen Fragments
-they are broken down with phagocytosis and broken down fragments are called antigen fragments. -helper T-cells only recognize these antigen fragmanets in presence of MHC Class 2 Molecules and activate the immune response.
42
2 Types ofT-Cells TH TC
TH-functions indirectly to other immune cells warns them abt a pathogen. TH1 and TH2 cells -TH1 activte macrophagrs and other T-Cells by releasing cytokines. -TH2 stimulates B-Cells to produce antibosdies TC-key component for adaptive immune system, attacks and destroys cells directly. -T-Cells are collectivelt called Effector Cells.
43
T-Cells became actived with...
B-Cells or Cytotoxic Cells.
44
Lymph Nodes
APCs in lymph nodes warn the nearby T and B cells abt potential pathogens.
45
Spleen
APCs communicate with lymphnodes. Spleen helps filter out pathogens from the blood. -plasma cells produce antibodies that helps fight off the infection.
46
Immune tolerance in Digestive system is crucial cuz..
we come across so many harmless substances (like food) and wanna make sure our body doesnt unnecesarily react to those substances. -T-Cells work to keep the immune system from overreacting to harmless things.
47
Helper T-Cells plays a crucial role in adaptive immunity system.
48

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