Bio Psych lecture 3

Question 1

Acrosomes

Answer 1

-tip of the sperm that contains enzymes and breaks down ovums outer layer.

Question 2

Sperm enters cytoplasm of ovum

Question 3

After 4-6 days, cell is called

Answer 3

blastocyt

Question 4

Ectopic Pregnancy

Answer 4

when baby is still in the fallopian tube.
-this tube is not meant to expand.

Question 5

Dramatic Growth in

Answer 5

foetal period.

Question 6

Embryonic Stem Cells

Answer 6

-created during IVF treatment.
-can turn into any type of cell.

Question 7

Adult Stem Cells

Answer 7

-exist throught the body.
-remain stable unil its activated by a disease.

Question 8

Totipotent
Pluropotent
Multipotent
Oligopotent
Unipotent

Answer 8

-toti-differentiate into all cells.
-plurii-differentiate into most cells.
-multi-differentiate into related type of cells.
-oligo-differentiate into limited type of cells.
-uni-differentiate into only their own type (but can self-renew).

Question 9

Stem cells have potential to treat serious illnesses.

Answer 9

Plitopotent cells can grow replecament cells to treat illnesses like parkinsons or spinal cord injury.

Question 10

Gastrulation Phase
Invagination

Answer 10

-in this phase, invagination happens which is embryo beginning to take multicellular form and produces 3 cells layers.
1-Endoderm (outer layer)
2-Mesoderm (middle layer)
3-Ectoderm (inner layer) (gives rise to brain)

Question 11

Primitive streak

Answer 11

-establishes the symetrry of the embryo and the body.

Question 12

Neural Plate

Answer 12

-nervous system develop from neural plate.
-it has 2 parts; neural crest and neural tube.

-neural tube turns into the brain and spinal vord.
-somites give rise to skeletal structure and develop into spinal cord.
-anterior neural fold develop into brain.

-neural crest becomes peripheral and autonomic nervous system.
-PNS consists of cranial, spinal, visceral nerves and ganglila.
-PNS starts as bipolar but when 2 nerves from sesnory cells and central nervous sytem meets, they become unipolar cells.
-ANS arises from throcic region of neural crest.

Question 13

Satelite Glial Cells

Answer 13

-controls the microenvironment of the cell.

Question 14

Neural Tube Defects

Answer 14

-spina bifida-failure of lower spinal neural tube to fully close.
-anencephaly-baby borns without parts of the brain and skull.

Question 15

Folid Acid Supplements

Answer 15

-should be start taken before conception.

Question 16

ADHD

Answer 16

to unborn child;
-smoking causes hypoxia which causes ADHD.
-alcohol exposure causes ADHD.
-male embryo is more vulnrable to trauma. female embryo is more physiology advanced.

Question 17

Migrating Neurons
Radial Glia Cells

Answer 17

-immature and lack dendrites.
-radial glial cells supports and follows the neurons to its destination.
-glia also helps woth development of nervous system

Question 18

Myelanation

Answer 18

-starts in the spinal cord and continues into brain regions.
-continues into first and second year of life.

Question 19

Arborization

Answer 19

-neurons differentiates and becomes eventual cells.
-dendrites grow and form connections.
-arborization permits neurons to receive input from other neurons.
-neurons can make connections now.

Question 20

Synaptogenesis

Answer 20

-ongoing process throught the life.
-slower in old age.
-dependent upon experiences (synapse is where learning takes place)

-its assisted by Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) which is a protein that promotes survival of only certain neurons.

Question 21

Parasympathetic Fibers connect with…

Answer 21

peripheral ganglia

Question 22

In adolescents

Answer 22

-amount of grey matter is reduced and white matter is increased.
-reduced activity in orbifrontal cortext.
-increase in mesolimbic areas (mediates rewards)

Question 23

Cognitive Reserve

Answer 23

brains ability to compensate for damage or decline due to aging.

-reduced function of mitrochondia-reduced lifspan.
-reduced calorie intake-increases longetivity and health.

Question 24

Synaptic Consolidation
-cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)

Answer 24

-process of strenghtning existing synapses so they become more stable and long-lasting.

-done with Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs) which are proteins that holds synapses together.

Question 25

Foetal Alcohol Sydnrome

Answer 25

-acts on glutamate and GABA.

-thinning or absence of corpus collusum
-reduced cerebellum volume
-asymettries in hippocampus (left frontal lobe smaller)
-more grey matter, less white matter.