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Bio Psych lecturec2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Desmosomes

A

Flexible connections between cells (skin tissue…)

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2
Q

Tight Junctions

A

prevent substances from passing between cells.

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3
Q

Gap Junctions

A

allow fast communication between cells.

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4
Q

Monoamines
-Catecholamines
-Adrenal gland (medulla)
-production of thyrodoid hormones
-Thyroide regulates…

A

-catecholamines-bodys acute stress response.
-medulla-secretes ephinephrine, norephirephrine.
-dopamine is produced by adrenal medulla and hypothalamus.

-for thryoid production, iodine is neccesary.
-temprature, heart rate, metabolism, mood.

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5
Q

Negative Feedback Loop

A

when body has produced enough thyroid, body says stop to maintain balance.

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6
Q

Peptide Hormones
-Prephromones

A

-prephromones is not always active, its processed into active hormones.
-stored in vesicles and secreted when needed.

-insulin,growth hormone, FSH, LH, TSH (stimulates thyroid gland)

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7
Q

Steroid Hormones
-produced by..
-liphophilic

A

-produced by adrenal cortex and gonads.
-liphophlic, so it can pass through cell membranes easily.

-aldestrone (regules salt balance), Cortisol, Testestrone and stuff.

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8
Q

Other Hormones
-Paracrine signaling
-Cytokines
-Nitroc Oxide (NO)
-Prostaglandis

A

-paracrine signaling-communication with nearby cells
-cytokines-immune cell communication
-NO-causes blood vessels to dialate and improve blood flow.
-prostaglantis-pain, childbirth contractions, fever, inflamation.

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9
Q

Hypothalamus produces hormones and releases hormones to…

A

-anterior pituatary

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10
Q

Pituatary responds to releasing spesific hormones like…

A

-LH/FSH
-TSH (thyroid gland)
-Prolactin
-GH (growth hormone)
-ACTH (adrenal glands)

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11
Q

Phosphorus head is attracted to water, lipid is not.

A
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12
Q

Phospolipid cells has protein channel that allows
certain molecues pass from intracelluar to extracellular.

A
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13
Q

Function of cell membrane

A

seperate the internal component from external environment. (intracellular from extracellular environment)

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14
Q

Neurons are eukoryote cells…

A

-cells that has clearly deifned nucleus.

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15
Q

Soma/Cell Body contains…

A

nucleus and mitrochondia

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16
Q

nucleus contains genetic info that passes from parent to offspring.

A
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17
Q

Endoplasmic retikulm

A

-where protein manufacturing takes place.
-around it there’s ribosomes thats involved in protein assembly.

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18
Q

Golgi…

A

-package proteins for transport and transmits protein molecules along microtubules.

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19
Q

Mitrochondial Encephalomypathoy

A

-muscle weakness, loss of apetite, seizures, changes in consciousness.

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20
Q

Friedrichs Ataxia

A

-limb ataxia (loss of coordination while walking), absence of tendon reflexes, loss of vibration sense in lower limbs.

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21
Q

Kearns-Sayre Syndrome

A

-phthalmoplegia (weakness in eye muscles), pigmentory retinopathy (loss of vision, changes in pigment), high levels of protein in CSF.

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22
Q

Leigh Syndrome

A

-hypotonia (decreaed muscle tone),
dystonia (involuntary muscle contractions), ataxia.

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23
Q

Lysosomes

A

-vesicular structure that contain enzymes and breaks down and metabolize biomedicels.
-degrade material taken up, provides homeostatic balance.

24
Q

Arborization

A

-branching (dividig to smaller parts) of dendrites.

25
Q

Axon Colleagerals

A

-neurons only have 1 axon, but it can divide into branches which allows communication of 1 axon with many others.

26
Q

Presynaptic Terminal

A

-end of the axon.

27
Q

Comminication with another neuron i…

A

chemical.

28
Q

-axons sends message to presynaptic terminal and transports materials to terminal reigon.

A
29
Q

Axonal transport compared to neural transport is…

A

slow.

30
Q

Astrocytes

A

-they maintain homeostasis.

-they control extracellular environment. . they have communication with capillaries, CSF, neurotransmitters.

-they form blood-brain barrier.

-movement of nutrients.

-allow capilaries to dilate when theres increased need for energy. so allow more oxygen to get in and glucose-carrying blood to get through.

-synaptic transmission.
-repair of nervous system.

31
Q

Microglia

A

-originate form mesoderm (layer thats responsible for developing internal structures)

-important after an injury.
-clear up dead or foreign material.
-brains immune defense.
-indicative in pain when spinal cord has a nerve damage.

32
Q

Ependymal Cells
-cilia

A

-hair-like sturcture which allows the direction of CSF, bringing nutrients, filtering out harmfull molecules.

33
Q

Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells

A

-oligodendrocytes provide mylein sheats for several cells.
-oligodendricytes work in the central nervous system.

-schwann cells-regrowth of axons.
-schwann cells work in the peripheral nervous system.

34
Q

Myelin Sheat

A

-purpose is to produce the loss of electrical current.
-important for messages to come quickly.

-regions thats rich in white matter.
-so grey matter is not myelinated cuz theres no white matter, it consists of cell body and dendrites.

-not continuous and unbroken, it has gaps called nodes of ranvier (not distrubuited evenly)
-purpose is ionic exchange which is important for neural comminication.

-damage in myelanation causes MS which effects those myelin sheat.

35
Q

Multipolar Neurons
Bipolar Neuros

A

-multipolar-one axon, multiple dendrites, extending from cell body.

-bipolar-one axon anf denrite, extending from opposite e endsf the cell body.

36
Q

Unipolar/Monopolar Neurons

A

-has only one extension but it can split into 2 branches; one acts like dendrite recieves signals, other acts like axons transmitting signals.

37
Q

Projection Neurons (motor and sensory neurons)
Interneurons
-Efferent Pathways
-Afferent Pathways

A

-projection neurons travel longer distances and is longer.

-efferent- motor neurons, send our info that affects behavior.
away from central nervous system to muscles.

-afferent-sensory neurons.
towards central nervous system to brain and spinal cord.

38
Q

Cytoskeletal Specialization
Neurofilaments

A

-cykoskeletal thingy-different shapes neurons takes are due to this.

-neurfilaments-make up cykoskeleton.;

39
Q

Within neuron communication…
Between neuron communication…

A

-within is electrical
-between is chemical or synaptic.

40
Q

MS

A

-body attacks its own healthy cells
-damage to myelanatyion.
-loss of myelin causes cognitive symptoms.

-extreme fatigue, muscle weakness, problems with mobility, blurring vision, tingling, numbness.

41
Q

Resting Potential
-sodium-potassium pump

A

-comparison of charges between extracellular and intracellular fluid.
-NA, K, Choloride, other negatively charged neurons.

-pumps NA out K in in three-for-two manner.
-potassium cells remain open
-electrostatic pressure increases the negative charge so pull K back in.

-ions are not equally distrubuited cuz cell membrane is semi-permable so some molecules can pass through.

42
Q

Action Potential

A
43
Q

Synaptic Transmission

A

-at the end of the axon, microtubules sends down material for making vesicles.

-cell membrane has voltage-gated calcium channels, autoreceptors and heterorecepters to receive input from other neurons usinng a different neurotransmitter as a messenger.

44
Q

Exocytosis
-full Fusion
-kiss-and-Run Fusion
-actin

A

-exocytosis-when vesicles rupture and releases neurotransmitter into the synapse gap.

-full fusion-vesicle membrane and cell merge and spills entire content into synapse gap.

-kiss-and-run fusion-vesicle briefly touches the membrane to release neurotransmitter but doesnt merge, in this way the vesicle can be reused again.

-calcium determines the process of which is gonna be used.
-calcium provides actin (protein that has many functions like vesicular movement)

45
Q

Neurotransmitter must be released, produce a functional change, same response should occur, should have a remocing mechanism from site of action.

A
46
Q

Small Molecule Transmitters
Peptide Neurotransmitters

A

-small molecules are obtained from food.
-peptide neurotransmitter- encephalins and endorphins (pain mamagement chemicalls.)

47
Q

Soluble Gases

A

-not stored like normal neurotransmitter, it is synthesied when needed.
-synthesis takes place in soma or presynaptic terminal.

48
Q

Axonal Mitrochondia

A

-provide enrgy to synthesize chemicals into the neurotransmitter.

49
Q

Ligands

A

chemicals that binds to receptors.

50
Q

Ionitrophic Receptor
Metabotrophic Receptor

A

-ionotopric-responds quickly to a neurotransmitter.
-ions enter postsynaptic cell and induces EPSP or IPSP.

-metabtropic activates G-proteins which directly or indirectly interracts with ion channel.

51
Q

Enzymatic Degration

A

-neurotransmitter broken down when they are still in synapses.

52
Q

Released neurotransmitter are monitored by

A

presynaptic neuron

53
Q

Autoreceptors

A

if theres too much production of smth, autoreceptors shuts down the production.

54
Q

Another set of receptors called Transporters

A

-they reclaim neurotransmitter from the synapse and repackages for further use.

55
Q

Endocytosis
Pinocytosis
Phagocytosis
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosi
Clathrin

A

-endocytosis-retrieving materials that cant pass through the reuptakes channels,

-pinocytosis-absotbing liquid molecules that allows to absorb essential nutrients.

-phagocytosis-eating larger molecules, breaking them down and getting harmful substances away fromthe body.

-receptor-mediated…-spesific molecules are ingested.

-clathrin is involved in formation of vesicles.

psych (9 decks)

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