Bio Psych lecturec2

Question 1

Desmosomes

Answer 1

Flexible connections between cells (skin tissue…)

Question 2

Tight Junctions

Answer 2

prevent substances from passing between cells.

Question 3

Gap Junctions

Answer 3

allow fast communication between cells.

Question 4

Monoamines
-Catecholamines
-Adrenal gland (medulla)
-production of thyrodoid hormones
-Thyroide regulates…

Answer 4

-catecholamines-bodys acute stress response.
-medulla-secretes ephinephrine, norephirephrine.
-dopamine is produced by adrenal medulla and hypothalamus.

-for thryoid production, iodine is neccesary.
-temprature, heart rate, metabolism, mood.

Question 5

Negative Feedback Loop

Answer 5

when body has produced enough thyroid, body says stop to maintain balance.

Question 6

Peptide Hormones
-Prephromones

Answer 6

-prephromones is not always active, its processed into active hormones.
-stored in vesicles and secreted when needed.

-insulin,growth hormone, FSH, LH, TSH (stimulates thyroid gland)

Question 7

Steroid Hormones
-produced by..
-liphophilic

Answer 7

-produced by adrenal cortex and gonads.
-liphophlic, so it can pass through cell membranes easily.

-aldestrone (regules salt balance), Cortisol, Testestrone and stuff.

Question 8

Other Hormones
-Paracrine signaling
-Cytokines
-Nitroc Oxide (NO)
-Prostaglandis

Answer 8

-paracrine signaling-communication with nearby cells
-cytokines-immune cell communication
-NO-causes blood vessels to dialate and improve blood flow.
-prostaglantis-pain, childbirth contractions, fever, inflamation.

Question 9

Hypothalamus produces hormones and releases hormones to…

Answer 9

-anterior pituatary

Question 10

Pituatary responds to releasing spesific hormones like…

Answer 10

-LH/FSH
-TSH (thyroid gland)
-Prolactin
-GH (growth hormone)
-ACTH (adrenal glands)

Question 11

Phosphorus head is attracted to water, lipid is not.

Question 12

Phospolipid cells has protein channel that allows
certain molecues pass from intracelluar to extracellular.

Question 13

Function of cell membrane

Answer 13

seperate the internal component from external environment. (intracellular from extracellular environment)

Question 14

Neurons are eukoryote cells…

Answer 14

-cells that has clearly deifned nucleus.

Question 15

Soma/Cell Body contains…

Answer 15

nucleus and mitrochondia

Question 16

nucleus contains genetic info that passes from parent to offspring.

Question 17

Endoplasmic retikulm

Answer 17

-where protein manufacturing takes place.
-around it there’s ribosomes thats involved in protein assembly.

Question 18

Golgi…

Answer 18

-package proteins for transport and transmits protein molecules along microtubules.

Question 19

Mitrochondial Encephalomypathoy

Answer 19

-muscle weakness, loss of apetite, seizures, changes in consciousness.

Question 20

Friedrichs Ataxia

Answer 20

-limb ataxia (loss of coordination while walking), absence of tendon reflexes, loss of vibration sense in lower limbs.

Question 21

Kearns-Sayre Syndrome

Answer 21

-phthalmoplegia (weakness in eye muscles), pigmentory retinopathy (loss of vision, changes in pigment), high levels of protein in CSF.

Question 22

Leigh Syndrome

Answer 22

-hypotonia (decreaed muscle tone),
dystonia (involuntary muscle contractions), ataxia.

Question 23

Lysosomes

Answer 23

-vesicular structure that contain enzymes and breaks down and metabolize biomedicels.
-degrade material taken up, provides homeostatic balance.

Question 24

Arborization

Answer 24

-branching (dividig to smaller parts) of dendrites.

Question 25

Axon Colleagerals

Answer 25

-neurons only have 1 axon, but it can divide into branches which allows communication of 1 axon with many others.

Question 26

Presynaptic Terminal

Answer 26

-end of the axon.

Question 27

Comminication with another neuron i...

Answer 27

chemical.

Question 28

-axons sends message to presynaptic terminal and transports materials to terminal reigon.

Question 29

Axonal transport compared to neural transport is...

Answer 29

slow.

Question 30

Astrocytes

Answer 30

-they maintain homeostasis. -they control extracellular environment. . they have communication with capillaries, CSF, neurotransmitters. -they form blood-brain barrier. -movement of nutrients. -allow capilaries to dilate when theres increased need for energy. so allow more oxygen to get in and glucose-carrying blood to get through. -synaptic transmission. -repair of nervous system.

Question 31

Microglia

Answer 31

-originate form mesoderm (layer thats responsible for developing internal structures) -important after an injury. -clear up dead or foreign material. -brains immune defense. -indicative in pain when spinal cord has a nerve damage.

Question 32

Ependymal Cells -cilia

Answer 32

-hair-like sturcture which allows the direction of CSF, bringing nutrients, filtering out harmfull molecules.

Question 33

Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells

Answer 33

-oligodendrocytes provide mylein sheats for several cells. -oligodendricytes work in the central nervous system. -schwann cells-regrowth of axons. -schwann cells work in the peripheral nervous system.

Question 34

Myelin Sheat

Answer 34

-purpose is to produce the loss of electrical current. -important for messages to come quickly. -regions thats rich in white matter. -so grey matter is not myelinated cuz theres no white matter, it consists of cell body and dendrites. -not continuous and unbroken, it has gaps called nodes of ranvier (not distrubuited evenly) -purpose is ionic exchange which is important for neural comminication. -damage in myelanation causes MS which effects those myelin sheat.

Question 35

Multipolar Neurons Bipolar Neuros

Answer 35

-multipolar-one axon, multiple dendrites, extending from cell body. -bipolar-one axon anf denrite, extending from opposite e endsf the cell body.

Question 36

Unipolar/Monopolar Neurons

Answer 36

-has only one extension but it can split into 2 branches; one acts like dendrite recieves signals, other acts like axons transmitting signals.

Question 37

Projection Neurons (motor and sensory neurons) Interneurons -Efferent Pathways -Afferent Pathways

Answer 37

-projection neurons travel longer distances and is longer. -efferent- motor neurons, send our info that affects behavior. away from central nervous system to muscles. -afferent-sensory neurons. towards central nervous system to brain and spinal cord.

Question 38

Cytoskeletal Specialization Neurofilaments

Answer 38

-cykoskeletal thingy-different shapes neurons takes are due to this. -neurfilaments-make up cykoskeleton.;

Question 39

Within neuron communication... Between neuron communication...

Answer 39

-within is electrical -between is chemical or synaptic.

Question 40

MS

Answer 40

-body attacks its own healthy cells -damage to myelanatyion. -loss of myelin causes cognitive symptoms. -extreme fatigue, muscle weakness, problems with mobility, blurring vision, tingling, numbness.

Question 41

Resting Potential -sodium-potassium pump

Answer 41

-comparison of charges between extracellular and intracellular fluid. -NA, K, Choloride, other negatively charged neurons. -pumps NA out K in in three-for-two manner. -potassium cells remain open -electrostatic pressure increases the negative charge so pull K back in. -ions are not equally distrubuited cuz cell membrane is semi-permable so some molecules can pass through.

Question 42

Action Potential

Question 43

Synaptic Transmission

Answer 43

-at the end of the axon, microtubules sends down material for making vesicles. -cell membrane has voltage-gated calcium channels, autoreceptors and heterorecepters to receive input from other neurons usinng a different neurotransmitter as a messenger.

Question 44

Exocytosis -full Fusion -kiss-and-Run Fusion -actin

Answer 44

-exocytosis-when vesicles rupture and releases neurotransmitter into the synapse gap. -full fusion-vesicle membrane and cell merge and spills entire content into synapse gap. -kiss-and-run fusion-vesicle briefly touches the membrane to release neurotransmitter but doesnt merge, in this way the vesicle can be reused again. -calcium determines the process of which is gonna be used. -calcium provides actin (protein that has many functions like vesicular movement)

Question 45

Neurotransmitter must be released, produce a functional change, same response should occur, should have a remocing mechanism from site of action.

Question 46

Small Molecule Transmitters Peptide Neurotransmitters

Answer 46

-small molecules are obtained from food. -peptide neurotransmitter- encephalins and endorphins (pain mamagement chemicalls.)

Question 47

Soluble Gases

Answer 47

-not stored like normal neurotransmitter, it is synthesied when needed. -synthesis takes place in soma or presynaptic terminal.

Question 48

Axonal Mitrochondia

Answer 48

-provide enrgy to synthesize chemicals into the neurotransmitter.

Question 49

Ligands

Answer 49

chemicals that binds to receptors.

Question 50

Ionitrophic Receptor Metabotrophic Receptor

Answer 50

-ionotopric-responds quickly to a neurotransmitter. -ions enter postsynaptic cell and induces EPSP or IPSP. -metabtropic activates G-proteins which directly or indirectly interracts with ion channel.

Question 51

Enzymatic Degration

Answer 51

-neurotransmitter broken down when they are still in synapses.

Question 52

Released neurotransmitter are monitored by

Answer 52

presynaptic neuron

Question 53

Autoreceptors

Answer 53

if theres too much production of smth, autoreceptors shuts down the production.

Question 54

Another set of receptors called Transporters

Answer 54

-they reclaim neurotransmitter from the synapse and repackages for further use.

Question 55

Endocytosis Pinocytosis Phagocytosis Receptor-Mediated Endocytosi Clathrin

Answer 55

-endocytosis-retrieving materials that cant pass through the reuptakes channels, -pinocytosis-absotbing liquid molecules that allows to absorb essential nutrients. -phagocytosis-eating larger molecules, breaking them down and getting harmful substances away fromthe body. -receptor-mediated...-spesific molecules are ingested. -clathrin is involved in formation of vesicles.