developmental ch. 1-7 Flashcards
Variability
Short-term changes
Change
Long-term changes
-variability can predict change.
Cross-Sectional Desings
Different people of different ages in one point of life.
-measures intraindividual changes
-age effect getting confused with cohort effect.
-limited generizability to other measurements.
Longitudinal Design
same individual in different points of life.
-age effects getting confused with time-of-measurement, test-retest and attrition effects.
-limited generizability to cohorts (the group that shares same cultural environment)
Sequential Design
combining longitudinal and cross-sectional in a single study.
Directionality Problem
direction of cause-effect relationship could be reverse of what researcher thinks.
Third Variable Problem
the association between 2 variables is caused by some third variable.
Time of Measurement Effect
the timing of the data collection can have effect on studies outcome.
Principle of Multidirectionality of Baltes
as we get older we both get better at smth and get worse.
Development is…
-Lifelong
-Multidimensional and Multiodisciplinary
-Multidirectional
-Gains and Losses
-Plasticity and Constraints
-Embedded in History
-Contexaulized
->Normative age-related
->Normative history-graded
->Non-normative
–>Biology and environment has strong cues with chronological age.
->Influences are associated with spesific time period.
->Not based on a norm.
->Effects of culture decreases with age.
Sequential Development
progressing through stages or levels in spesific order.
Unidirectional Development
earlier changes are neccesary for later ones.
Qualitative Develpoment
involves structural transformation.
Biological Growth
development independent from culture.
Intraindividually Modifiable
capable of being changed within an incividual.
Plastic Development
developmental changes can be modofied.
Normative Development
typical pattern of development.
Infant Research Methods
sucking, turning head, visual preferences
habituation/dishabituation.
Nature-Nurture Debate
-Critical Period
-Sensitive Period
-Gene-Environment Interractions
-Gene-Environment Correlations
->passive genotype-enviroment fit
->evocative genotype-environment fit
->active genotype-enviroment fit
-Epigenetics
-Environment-Sensitive Cues
-Critical Period-when u didn’t got exposed to a stimuli at right time, u will never catch up.
-Sensitive Period-like even if u didnt got exposed to a language as a kid, u can still learn it.
-Passive genotype…-the association between the genetic code and the environment child was raised
-evocative…-like ur a smiley child how people react to smiley child.
-active…-the association between genetics and the enviromental cues they actively select.
-Epigenetics-enviromental factors can influence our genes function without changing the sequence.
-Enviromental-Sensitive Cues-we can trick our genes to behave in a certain way to match the environment.
Activity-Passvity
do humans shape their own environment or is it beyond their control.
Continuiy-Discontinuiy
-Continuous Way
-Discontinuos Way
-Continuous Way-people becoming better at smth suddenly
-Discontinuous Way-people becoming better at smth gradually.
Freud
-Id, Ego, Superego
-Psychosexual Stages->Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent, Genital
-Repression, Regression
-He believed the power of unconscious motivation, urges.
-His theory was abt enviromental influences on development during the first 5 years of life and he said personality is set on stone in the first 5 year.
-Id-at birth there’s only id which is the implusive, selfish part.
-Ego-develops during infancy, it is the rational side and it takes the form of learning etc.
-Super Ego-develops in 3-6 year olds, it is the moral standarts.
-Oral (0-1 year)-libido is the mouth.
-Anal (1-3 years)-toilet training which creates conflicts between childs biological urges and socities expectations. Problems at this stage cretaes self-doubt in the future.
-Phallic Stage (3-6 years)-libido is genitals. oedipious and electra complex. kids take over the same sex parents personality.
-Latent(6-12 years)-ni libido just playing. kids should keep up with their parents otherwise they’ll feel superior.
-Genitals(12 and older)-young adults seek love.
-Repression-removing unacceptable feelings.
-Regression-adopting behvaior of earlier stages as a response to a traumatc event. (i wanna hug my mom cuz i’m stressed)
Erikson’s Pyschosocial Development Theory
-Trust vs Misturst
-Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
-Initiative vs Guilt
-Industry vs Inferiority
-Identity vs Role Confusion
-Intimacy vs Isolation
-Generativity vs Stagnation
-Integrity vs Despair
-he focues on social influences in development rather than sexual.
-he didnt agree with freud in personality set in stone in the first 5 years.
-If one stage was dealt in a maldaptive (uyumsuz) manner, other will too which will result in a maldaptive individual.
-Trust mistrust (0-1year)-can i trust someone
-Aunonomy shame doubt (1-3 years)-can i discover myself, if yes i become confident
-Initiative guilt (3-6 years)- making decisions, interacting with peers.
Industry inferiority (6-12 years)-am i competent compared to others.
-Identity role confusion (12-20 years)-who am i, where am i going
-Intimacy isolation (20-40 years)-am i ready for a commited relationship
-Generativity stagnation (40-65 years)-what did i give to future generation
-Integrity despair (65 and older)-did i live a good life
Social Cognitive Learning Theory (Bandura)
-Observational Learning
-Latent Learning
-Vicarious Reinforcement
-Overimitation
-Reciprocal Determinism
-people doesnt only learn diretly, they also learn via observation.
-Latent learning-while ur learning u dont feel like ur learning but when u have to perform what you learned, u can perform it
-Vicarious Reinforcement-learning via observing consequences.
-Overimitation-imitating every detail of what u see.
-Reciprocal Determinism-how personal environmental and behaioral factors affect each other.
Bronfenbrenner: Ecological Model
->Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Macrosystem, Chronosystem
-Proximal Processes
-PPCT Model
we’re all influenced by the environment, it focuses childs interractions within these environments (legal systen, neighbours…)
-Microsystem-childs immediate environment.
-Mesosystem-interractions between childs 2 immediate environment
-Exosystem-it effects the child but not directly (like legal system)
-Macrosystem-how cultural elements affects the child.
-Chronosystem-enviromental changes occur over lifetime.
–>These systems underestimates the effects of biological systems.
-Proximal processes-everyday interractions that affects our development. (interractions with parents, reading book every night…)
-PPCT Model-examining development as personality, process,context, time.
Socio-Cultural Theory of Vygotsky
-Zone of Proximal Development
-Scaffolding
childs intellectual development depends on culture.
-people around us enables our cognitive growth.
-Language stimulates cognitive growth.
-Children learn via inner speech (reassuring themselves in a stressfull situations…)
-Zone of proximal development-the gap between child ability to solve a problem and childs actual potential.
-Scaffolding-more skilled person teaches less skilles learner and gradually reduces the help.
Social-Clock Model (Neugarten)
Societal expextations of age-appropriate behavior.
Selection-Optimization-Compensation Model (SOC)
-Behavioral and psychological processes apadts to age-related losses and gains.
-Maximizes gains
-Selection
-Optimization-making the most effective use if the situation
-Compensation-finding alternative thigs for thigs u cant do anymore (like u cant drive so u learn public transportation)
Socio-Emotional Selectivity Theory (Cartensen)
Priorizitizing emotionally meoningful goals as u get older.
-Diathesis-Stress Model
mental disorders result from biological vulnerabilties and enviromental stressors.
-Differential Susceptibility Model
some peoples genetic makes them more yatkin to enviromental influences, good or bad.
Endocrine System
-growth during childhood, physical and sexual maturation during adolescence, functioning in lifespan and aging.
-Most critical gland is pituatary gland->produces growth hormone.
-thyriod glands->physical growth and development of nervous system.
-thyroid deficincy during pregnancy and infancy lead to slow physical growth and intellectual problems.
-thyroid hormones helps body to metabolize (break down) food and take nutrients.
PMS
-experiencing cramps etc before period.
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder ( PDD)
-when period symptoms are distrupting of ur life.
Menopause
-Anti-Mullerian Hormones
-Hormone Replacement Theory
-decline in female hormones, so mix of masculine and feminine hormones.
-it can be predicted by anti-mullerian hormones which peaks at 16 remains stable until 25 and decreases after that.
-hormone replacement theory helps with menopause sysmptoms but also increases the risk of breast cancer.
Hayflick Limit
-maximum number of times a cell can be divided.
Germinal Phase (week 0-2)
-zygote turns into a blastocyte.
-the most sensitive phase.
-%50 of the pregnacys ends with miscarriage.
Embryonic Phase (week 3-8)
–>3 Principle of Growth
-Cephalocaudal Principle
-Proximodistal Principle
-Orthogenetic Principle
–>Week 3-4, blastocyte develops into 3 layers;
->Endoderm
->Mesoderm
->Ectoderm
-Neural Tube
–>Week 5-8
-Organogenesis
-cephalocaudal-top to bottom
-proximodistal-in to outside.
-orthogenetic-develop happens in spesific direction that was predetermined by internal factors.
-endoderm-becomes respitary and digestive system.
-mesoderm-muscle skeletal system and heart/circulation.
-ectoderm-skin and nervous system.
->week 5 palms, fingers, arms develop.
->by week 8 most organs are developed.
Telomeres
-Enzyme Telomeres
-the mechanism behind cellular aging.
-cells shorten with each cell division which eventually makes the cells unable to divide, malfunction and die.
-enzyme telomeres prevent cells from shortening but also could produce cancerous cells.
Fetal Phase (week 9-38)
-critical period for brain development
->increase in brain size and connections, formation of structures.
Damage or Error Theories
-Free Radicals
-Age Spots
-dying is about accumulation (birikim) of random damages.
-free radicals which are either toxic by-products of the metabolism or the everyday chemical processes such as breaking down food.
-free radicals are produced when oxygen reacts with certain molecules.
-age spots-visible signs of damage free radicals cause.
Babinski Reflex
Grasping Reflex
Moro Reflex
Swimming Reflex
Stepping Reflex
-babinski-curling toes when bottom of the foot is strokes.
-grasping-dissepears by 3-4 months, replaces with voluntary grasp.
-moro-dissepears by 4 months, replaced with startle.
-swimming-dissepears by 4-6 months.
-stepping-dissepears in first 8 weeks.
Babies Hear;
-moms heartbeat, digestive gurgling, eating, breathing, burping, exercising.
Teratogents
-Smoking
-Alcohol
Smoking
–>During Pregnancy
-consctrict blood wessels which constricts blood flow.
-less nutrients to the baby.
-has the greatest impact during the last trimester.
–>After Birth
-asthma
-cognitive problems
-ADHD or antisocial behavior
Alcohol
–>During Pregnancy
-negative impact on neural development.
–>Later Consequences
-Fetal Alcohol Specturum Disorder-lifelong behavioral, cognitive, physical problems associated with prenatal alcohol exposure.
-Fetal Alcohol Disorder-often include facial dysmorphology, growth deficinecies…
Gyrification
brain folding
Grey Matter
-recieves and regulates outgoing info.
-continnous lifelong decrease.
-greater volume in prefrontal cortex.
White Matter
-peaks in middle life.
Skin to skin contact increases the chance of succesfull breastfeeding.
