Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

psych > developmental ch. 1-7 > Flashcards

developmental ch. 1-7 Flashcards

1
Q

Variability

A

Short-term changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Change

A

Long-term changes
-variability can predict change.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cross-Sectional Desings

A

Different people of different ages in one point of life.
-measures intraindividual changes
-age effect getting confused with cohort effect.
-limited generizability to other measurements.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Longitudinal Design

A

same individual in different points of life.
-age effects getting confused with time-of-measurement, test-retest and attrition effects.
-limited generizability to cohorts (the group that shares same cultural environment)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Sequential Design

A

combining longitudinal and cross-sectional in a single study.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Directionality Problem

A

direction of cause-effect relationship could be reverse of what researcher thinks.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Third Variable Problem

A

the association between 2 variables is caused by some third variable.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Time of Measurement Effect

A

the timing of the data collection can have effect on studies outcome.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Principle of Multidirectionality of Baltes

A

as we get older we both get better at smth and get worse.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Development is…
-Lifelong
-Multidimensional and Multiodisciplinary
-Multidirectional
-Gains and Losses
-Plasticity and Constraints
-Embedded in History
-Contexaulized
->Normative age-related
->Normative history-graded
->Non-normative

A

–>Biology and environment has strong cues with chronological age.

->Influences are associated with spesific time period.

->Not based on a norm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

->Effects of culture decreases with age.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Sequential Development

A

progressing through stages or levels in spesific order.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Unidirectional Development

A

earlier changes are neccesary for later ones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Qualitative Develpoment

A

involves structural transformation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Biological Growth

A

development independent from culture.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Intraindividually Modifiable

A

capable of being changed within an incividual.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Plastic Development

A

developmental changes can be modofied.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Normative Development

A

typical pattern of development.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Infant Research Methods

A

sucking, turning head, visual preferences
habituation/dishabituation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Nature-Nurture Debate
-Critical Period
-Sensitive Period
-Gene-Environment Interractions

-Gene-Environment Correlations
->passive genotype-enviroment fit
->evocative genotype-environment fit
->active genotype-enviroment fit

-Epigenetics
-Environment-Sensitive Cues

A

-Critical Period-when u didn’t got exposed to a stimuli at right time, u will never catch up.
-Sensitive Period-like even if u didnt got exposed to a language as a kid, u can still learn it.

-Passive genotype…-the association between the genetic code and the environment child was raised

-evocative…-like ur a smiley child how people react to smiley child.

-active…-the association between genetics and the enviromental cues they actively select.

-Epigenetics-enviromental factors can influence our genes function without changing the sequence.
-Enviromental-Sensitive Cues-we can trick our genes to behave in a certain way to match the environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Activity-Passvity

A

do humans shape their own environment or is it beyond their control.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Continuiy-Discontinuiy
-Continuous Way
-Discontinuos Way

A

-Continuous Way-people becoming better at smth suddenly
-Discontinuous Way-people becoming better at smth gradually.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Freud
-Id, Ego, Superego
-Psychosexual Stages->Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent, Genital
-Repression, Regression

A

-He believed the power of unconscious motivation, urges.
-His theory was abt enviromental influences on development during the first 5 years of life and he said personality is set on stone in the first 5 year.

-Id-at birth there’s only id which is the implusive, selfish part.
-Ego-develops during infancy, it is the rational side and it takes the form of learning etc.
-Super Ego-develops in 3-6 year olds, it is the moral standarts.

-Oral (0-1 year)-libido is the mouth.
-Anal (1-3 years)-toilet training which creates conflicts between childs biological urges and socities expectations. Problems at this stage cretaes self-doubt in the future.
-Phallic Stage (3-6 years)-libido is genitals. oedipious and electra complex. kids take over the same sex parents personality.
-Latent(6-12 years)-ni libido just playing. kids should keep up with their parents otherwise they’ll feel superior.
-Genitals(12 and older)-young adults seek love.

-Repression-removing unacceptable feelings.
-Regression-adopting behvaior of earlier stages as a response to a traumatc event. (i wanna hug my mom cuz i’m stressed)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Erikson’s Pyschosocial Development Theory
-Trust vs Misturst
-Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
-Initiative vs Guilt
-Industry vs Inferiority
-Identity vs Role Confusion
-Intimacy vs Isolation
-Generativity vs Stagnation
-Integrity vs Despair

A

-he focues on social influences in development rather than sexual.
-he didnt agree with freud in personality set in stone in the first 5 years.
-If one stage was dealt in a maldaptive (uyumsuz) manner, other will too which will result in a maldaptive individual.

-Trust mistrust (0-1year)-can i trust someone
-Aunonomy shame doubt (1-3 years)-can i discover myself, if yes i become confident
-Initiative guilt (3-6 years)- making decisions, interacting with peers.
Industry inferiority (6-12 years)-am i competent compared to others.
-Identity role confusion (12-20 years)-who am i, where am i going
-Intimacy isolation (20-40 years)-am i ready for a commited relationship
-Generativity stagnation (40-65 years)-what did i give to future generation
-Integrity despair (65 and older)-did i live a good life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Social Cognitive Learning Theory (Bandura) -Observational Learning -Latent Learning -Vicarious Reinforcement -Overimitation -Reciprocal Determinism
-people doesnt only learn diretly, they also learn via observation. -Latent learning-while ur learning u dont feel like ur learning but when u have to perform what you learned, u can perform it -Vicarious Reinforcement-learning via observing consequences. -Overimitation-imitating every detail of what u see. -Reciprocal Determinism-how personal environmental and behaioral factors affect each other.
26
Bronfenbrenner: Ecological Model ->Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Macrosystem, Chronosystem -Proximal Processes -PPCT Model
we're all influenced by the environment, it focuses childs interractions within these environments (legal systen, neighbours...) -Microsystem-childs immediate environment. -Mesosystem-interractions between childs 2 immediate environment -Exosystem-it effects the child but not directly (like legal system) -Macrosystem-how cultural elements affects the child. -Chronosystem-enviromental changes occur over lifetime. -->These systems underestimates the effects of biological systems. -Proximal processes-everyday interractions that affects our development. (interractions with parents, reading book every night...) -PPCT Model-examining development as personality, process,context, time.
27
Socio-Cultural Theory of Vygotsky -Zone of Proximal Development -Scaffolding
childs intellectual development depends on culture. -people around us enables our cognitive growth. -Language stimulates cognitive growth. -Children learn via inner speech (reassuring themselves in a stressfull situations...) -Zone of proximal development-the gap between child ability to solve a problem and childs actual potential. -Scaffolding-more skilled person teaches less skilles learner and gradually reduces the help.
28
Social-Clock Model (Neugarten)
Societal expextations of age-appropriate behavior.
29
Selection-Optimization-Compensation Model (SOC)
-Behavioral and psychological processes apadts to age-related losses and gains. -Maximizes gains -Selection -Optimization-making the most effective use if the situation -Compensation-finding alternative thigs for thigs u cant do anymore (like u cant drive so u learn public transportation)
30
Socio-Emotional Selectivity Theory (Cartensen)
Priorizitizing emotionally meoningful goals as u get older.
31
-Diathesis-Stress Model
mental disorders result from biological vulnerabilties and enviromental stressors.
32
-Differential Susceptibility Model
some peoples genetic makes them more yatkin to enviromental influences, good or bad.
33
Endocrine System
-growth during childhood, physical and sexual maturation during adolescence, functioning in lifespan and aging. -Most critical gland is pituatary gland->produces growth hormone. -thyriod glands->physical growth and development of nervous system. -thyroid deficincy during pregnancy and infancy lead to slow physical growth and intellectual problems. -thyroid hormones helps body to metabolize (break down) food and take nutrients.
34
PMS
-experiencing cramps etc before period.
35
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder ( PDD)
-when period symptoms are distrupting of ur life.
36
Menopause -Anti-Mullerian Hormones -Hormone Replacement Theory
-decline in female hormones, so mix of masculine and feminine hormones. -it can be predicted by anti-mullerian hormones which peaks at 16 remains stable until 25 and decreases after that. -hormone replacement theory helps with menopause sysmptoms but also increases the risk of breast cancer.
37
Hayflick Limit
-maximum number of times a cell can be divided.
38
Germinal Phase (week 0-2)
-zygote turns into a blastocyte. -the most sensitive phase. -%50 of the pregnacys ends with miscarriage.
39
Embryonic Phase (week 3-8) -->3 Principle of Growth -Cephalocaudal Principle -Proximodistal Principle -Orthogenetic Principle -->Week 3-4, blastocyte develops into 3 layers; ->Endoderm ->Mesoderm ->Ectoderm -Neural Tube -->Week 5-8
-Organogenesis -cephalocaudal-top to bottom -proximodistal-in to outside. -orthogenetic-develop happens in spesific direction that was predetermined by internal factors. -endoderm-becomes respitary and digestive system. -mesoderm-muscle skeletal system and heart/circulation. -ectoderm-skin and nervous system. ->week 5 palms, fingers, arms develop. ->by week 8 most organs are developed.
40
Telomeres -Enzyme Telomeres
-the mechanism behind cellular aging. -cells shorten with each cell division which eventually makes the cells unable to divide, malfunction and die. -enzyme telomeres prevent cells from shortening but also could produce cancerous cells.
41
Fetal Phase (week 9-38)
-critical period for brain development ->increase in brain size and connections, formation of structures.
42
Damage or Error Theories -Free Radicals -Age Spots
-dying is about accumulation (birikim) of random damages. -free radicals which are either toxic by-products of the metabolism or the everyday chemical processes such as breaking down food. -free radicals are produced when oxygen reacts with certain molecules. -age spots-visible signs of damage free radicals cause.
43
Babinski Reflex Grasping Reflex Moro Reflex Swimming Reflex Stepping Reflex
-babinski-curling toes when bottom of the foot is strokes. -grasping-dissepears by 3-4 months, replaces with voluntary grasp. -moro-dissepears by 4 months, replaced with startle. -swimming-dissepears by 4-6 months. -stepping-dissepears in first 8 weeks.
44
Babies Hear;
-moms heartbeat, digestive gurgling, eating, breathing, burping, exercising.
45
Teratogents -Smoking -Alcohol
Smoking -->During Pregnancy -consctrict blood wessels which constricts blood flow. -less nutrients to the baby. -has the greatest impact during the last trimester. -->After Birth -asthma -cognitive problems -ADHD or antisocial behavior Alcohol -->During Pregnancy -negative impact on neural development. -->Later Consequences -Fetal Alcohol Specturum Disorder-lifelong behavioral, cognitive, physical problems associated with prenatal alcohol exposure. -Fetal Alcohol Disorder-often include facial dysmorphology, growth deficinecies...
46
Gyrification
brain folding
47
Grey Matter
-recieves and regulates outgoing info. -continnous lifelong decrease. -greater volume in prefrontal cortex.
48
White Matter
-peaks in middle life.
49
Skin to skin contact increases the chance of succesfull breastfeeding.
50
Newborns recognizes mothers voice but not fathers.
51
Prebyacusis
-age related hearing loss. -starts after age 30.
52
Prebyopia
-aging of the eye. -in ocullar lens, swelling, discoloration, swelling and decrease in elasticity.
53
Dynamic Vision
-ability to percieve something on motion.
54
Contrast Sensitivity
-ability to distinguish between an object and its background.
55
Older adults have slower dark adaptation, difficulties in environments with weak light.
56
Constructivism
-we learn by actively engaging with the environment, building our own knowledge through experiences.
57
Neuroconstructivism
-knowledge is constructed through changes in the neural structure.
58
Assimilation Accomodation Equilibration
-assimilation-existing schema in a new situation. -accomodation-existing schema doesn't work, it needs to be changed with a new situation. -equilibration-balance between these two.
59
Sensorimotor (0-2 years) -Circular Responses -Primary Circular Response -Secondary Circular Responses -Coordinating Secondary Circular Responses -Tertiary Circular Responses -Mental Represantations
-sensory and motor skills. -cannot imagine intensions. -circular responses-develop through repetitive behavior patterns. -primary circular response-simple motor habits. -secondary circular responses-repeating movement to wittness interesting events in environments. -Coordinating Secondary Circular Responses-goal oriented behavior, object permanence. -tertiary circular responses-little scientists, exploring things. -mental representations-internal representations of objects. delayed imitation.
60
A-not-B Error
-kids looking at location A despite its clearly on location B.
61
Preoperational (2-7 years) -Feeling of Participation -Animism -Artificialism -Finalism -Transductive Reasoning
-learn to use symbols, language, egocentirism, magical thinkink. -the inituative thoughts led them to confidently believing they know every answer, they explain things with their own logic. -feeling of participation-like they're involved in how nature works. (sun is following me) -animism-like having imagenary friends, ghosts... -Artificialism-attribuiting natural phenomona to human intervention. -Finalism-things exist for a spesific reasin (rain exists so plants wont die) -transductive reasoning-connecting unrelated events based on superficial similarities.
62
Conservation Test Why do Children dont Understand Conservation? -Centering -Irreversibility -Static Thought -Identity Constancy
consevation test-understang volume, size ( which cup has more water) -centering-focusing on one aspect of the problem. -irreversibility-inability to mentally reverse thoughts. -static thought-focusing on end state. -identity constancy-no idea of ones essential self remains despite changes in appereance. -child views the world from an egocentric perspective
63
Hide the Boy from the Policeman Experiment
-aims to assess childs moral reasoning. -assess whether child follows the rules just not to get caught or cuz of moral reasoning. -provides insights into their cognitive and moral development.
64
Concrete Operational (7-12 years) -Seriation -Transivity
-logical reasoning etc. -seriation-arranging items in a particular order -transivity-mentally understanding the relationship between items.
65
Formal Operational (from 12 years) -Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning -Adolescence Egocentirism -Third Eye Task -Idealistic Thinking
-third eye task-if u have a third eye where would u put it-->assesses childs ability to understand reason abt visual perspective-taking. -hypothetical deductive reasoning-if... -adolescence egocentirism-everyone is looking me. -idealistic thinking-overly optimistic view of the world.
66
Relativistic Thinking Dialectic Thinking
-relativistic thinking-conclusions depends on context. -dialectic thinking-detecting inconsistencies and solving.
67
Challanges to Piaget
-underestimating young minds. -giving limited attention to social influences on cognitive development.
68
Executive Function
higher cognitive functions.
69
Shift Cost
the difference between tasks that require shifting and tasks that doesn't require shifting.
70
Speed-Accuracy Tradeoff
slowing down to enhance accuracy.
71
Motor Inhibition
ability to control voluntary movements. (music stops so u stop dancing too)
72
Oculamator Inhibition
controlling eye movements.
73
Simple Response Inhibition Task
like press the button when u see green dont press when u see red.
74
Cognitive Inhibition
controlling impulses that are irrelevant to the situation.
75
Passive Short Term Memory Active Short Term Memory
passive short term memory-holding info for 30 seconds without rehersal. active short term memory-keeping things in mind while performing complex tasks.
76
-->children who has better working memory are more advanced in...
language comprehension, math skills, problem solving.
77
-->Greater functional use of working memory...
info processed more quickly.
78
Lower working memory associated with...
implusivity and adolescenct alcohol use.
79
-->Working memory capacity decreases with age.
80
In aging, working memory predicts performance on...
long-term memory, problem solving, tests of intelligence.
81
Long Term Memory -Procedural Memory -Implicit Memory
-procedural memory-process of retrieving info when its neccesary to perform u can. (riding a bike) -implicit memory-unconscious memory.
82
Semantic Memory -Permastore
knowledge of facts. ->semantic memory remains strong as people age, but older adults do has difficulties with tip-of-the-tongue and remembering names. -permastore-long-term perminent memory after extensive learning training.
83
Episodic Memory
memories of spesific events person experienced.
84
->During preschool years,children remember more autobiogrophical charasteristics.
85
Episodic Memory in Adulthood
-relatively stable in middle life. -declines steadly through older adult years.
86
The Magnitude of Decline depends on Spesific Conditions;
1-Different Memory Tasks and Testing Methods. 2-Retrieval Condition 3-Type of Memories
87
Association Deficit Hypothesis
older adults have difficulty forming connections between pieces of infos compared to younger adults.
88
Four Factors That Influence Autobiographical Memory
1-Personal Significanca of an Event 2-The Distinctiveness or Uniqueness of an Event 3-The Affective or Emotional Intensity 4-People remeber more from their teens and 20s.
89
Why Do we Forget Our Early Experiences 1-Space in Working Memory 2-Lack of Language 3-Level of Sociocultural Support 4-Sense of Self 5-Verbatim versus Gist Storage 6- Neurogenesis
1-infants dont have enough space in their memory. 2-autobiographical memory rely on language so we expect more memories with increasing language skills. 4-infants dont know the sense of self, like it happende to ME. 5-children store general and spesific things sepereatly and general is easier to remember. 6-our memory refreshes in early life so new cells replace other cells hence other memories.
90
Why Learning and Memory Improve and Decline 1-Changes in Basic Structures 2-Changes in Memory Strategies 3-Knowledge of Memory 4-Knowledge of the World
91
1-Changes in Basic Structures
-->Childhood -not much change in sensory register and storage capacity but improvement in encoding. -->Older Age -decline in sensory abilities -not much change in short-term memory but decline in long-term memory. -slower functioning of the nervous system-reduces speed of procesing. -difficulty in suppressing innappropriate behavaiors, thoughts...
92
2-Changes in Memory Structures
-->Childhood -more strategy use. -gradual development. -preservation errors -despite knowledge on strategies, lack in spontanous useage.
93
3-Knowledge of Memory
-->Chilhood -children with greater metamemory has better memory ability but they must use strategies. --->Older Age -they sometimes misjudge the accuracy of a memory.
94
4-Knowledge of The World
-having more knowledge contribuites to better memory performance. -knowledge is not the source of memory problems.
95
Rule-Assessment Approach
aims to understand how rules are applied in cognitive tasks.
96
Overlapping Waves Theory
during development, people use variety of startegies, they change over time.
97
Chunking Elobration
elobration-creating meaningfull links to remember.
98
Mediation Deficiency
-children cant spontaneously use startegies even of they were taught.
99
Production Deficiency
children can use strategies but they cant produce their own.
100
Utilization Deficinecy
children can produce a strategy but they cant benefit from using that strategy.
101
Stronger metacognition in adolescens can be choosing the strategy of elobration instead of repetition.
102
Infants deffered imitation predicts their language skills.
103
Language Development -Skinner -Chomsky
-skinner (nurture)-learning to speak by being reinforced for producing sounds. -chomsky-ability to learn language is hardwired into the brain.
104
Crying
-first communicational sign. -increases the infant-parent bonds. -good exercise for vocal cords. -it is vital for surival -->if baby doesnt cry, sign for neurological problem.
105
Language Development (18-24 Months) -Overextension, Underextension
-overextension-all 4 legged animals are dogs. -underextension-only my grandpa is called "grandpa"
106
Language Development (2-5 Years) -Overegularisation
-engagement in give-and-take conversation. -overregularisation-like saying "goed" instead of "went".-->this is a good sign,it mens child is learning new skills rather than imitating parents.
107
Language Development (School Age)
-Metalinguistic Awarness
108
Language Development
-less complex sentence use -knowledge of semantic (word meaning) expands. -Pragnatic use-adapting the language use to the environment.
109
Bilingualism
-positive outcomes for cognitive development. -bilingual children are not exposed to same amount of words in both languages. -may delay alzheirmers disease.
110
Bayleys Scales of Infant Developmment Motor Scale Cognitive Scale Language Scale General Adaptive Componsite (GAC)
-bayleys...-assesses emotinal and interpersonal skills. -motor scale-assesses abillity to grasp things. -cognitive scale-assesses how child think or reacts to events. -language scale-assessses preverbal communication skills and budding (tomurcuklanan) language skills. -->everything adds up to general adaptive componsite which assesses how well the kid doing compared to infants same age.
111
Correlation between IQ scores and Baileys Scale
-theres a low correlation cuz they asssess different things; infant tests assesses sensory and motor skills, iq tests assesses problem solving,concept formation...
112
Infant Attention predicts IQ better tahn intelligence tests
infants who gets bored easily and prefer new things over familliarity are more intelligent
113
Cumulative Deficit Hypothesis
-there's a 6 point IQ difference between children with good and bad socioeconomic status and the number is tripled by age 16. -->but brain is plastic so if economic situation get better, then IQ also increases.
114
Flynn Effect
-people got more intelligent since the past.
115
Emotional Regulation as a Thermo-Static Control System 1-Set Point 2-Monitoring 3-Feedback Mechanism 4-Adjusment 5-Dynamic Process
-set point-individuals preffered emotional state they aim to maitain. -monitoring-monitoring their emotional state. -feedback mechanism-detecting their emotions deviating from their preffered state and employing various strategies to adjust their emotions. -Adjustment-adjusting the emotional state until they're stable. -Dynamic Processes-constantly adapting regulation strategies based on new situation.
116
Process of Emotion Regulation 1-Avoidance 2-Problem Solving 3-Situation Modification 4-Distracting 5-Rumination 6-Acceptance 7-Repapprasial 8-Suppression
-situation modification-changing the situation to alter its emotional impact. (its gonna be scary so u go with someone to make it less scary) -Rumination-i constantly think about the exam. -Reapprasial-like sayin "nothing is gonna happen if i fail" to reduce the emotional impact.
117
Emotions in Infants -Emotion Socialization -Social Referencing
-emotional socialization-children learning how to express and manage their emotions. -Social Referencing-children imitating their parents emotions.
118
Once infants achieve self-awarness, they feel embarresment.
119
Emotional Development in Children -Mental-Time-Travel
-ability to relive past experiences or plan future. ->improved ability to hide emotions. -gap between real emotions and expressed emotions.
120
Positivity Bias (Negativity Avoidance)
-more attention and memory for positive things.
121
-Work Ambiguidy -Role Conflict
-work ambiguidy-unclear roles. -role conflict-i'm a doctor, am i supposed help people or be more efficient.
122
Retirement 1-Preretirement Phase 2-Honeymoon Phase 3-Disenchantment Phase 4-Reorientation Phase
123

psych (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions