Development - Exam 3

Question 1

developmental psychology

Answer 1

physical, cognitive, and social development across lifespan

Question 2

what makes you, you?

Answer 2

gene predisposition, experiences, and interactions

Question 3

gene predisposition

Answer 3

inclined/more likely to behave in a particular way, individual difference
**genes do not always equal destiny - humans are very resilient

Question 4

what type of experiences affect our development?

Answer 4

womb, family, peers

Question 5

what type of interactions affect our development?

Answer 5

biological, psychological, and social cultural forces

Question 6

prenatal development

Answer 6

begins at conception and ends at birth
most dramatic/extensive transformation in our lifetime
genetic and environmental factors affect our development

Question 7

teratogens

Answer 7

agent or condition that can impair prenatal development, can result in birth defects or death
exposure to teratogens at critical periods can cause specific problems

Question 8

rubella (affect on prenatal development)

Answer 8

blindness, deafness, brain damage

Question 9

lead and mercury/pollution (affect on prenatal development)

Answer 9

spontaneous abortion, brain damage

Question 10

stress/social-behavioral (affect on prenatal development)

Answer 10

cleft lip/palate, spontaneous abortion, preterm labor

Question 11

alcohol/psychoactive drugs (affect on prenatal development)

Answer 11

fetal alcohol syndrome

Question 12

tobacco/psychoactive drugs (affect on prenatal development)

Answer 12

low birth weight

Question 13

birth

Answer 13

cervix dilates
active segment - superior, pushes
passive segment - inferior
C section

Question 14

why are babies born with sticky/lotion stuff on them?

Answer 14

protection in utero and post birth

Question 15

kangaroo care

Answer 15

put baby on chest and wrap in blanket, helps infant adjust to new environment
often done by person who gave birth (anyone could do it)
benefits post birth too - can provide comfort

Question 16

newborn’s first minutes

Answer 16

cut umbilical cord, quick assessment of newborn condition using APGAR scale

Question 17

APGAR scale

Answer 17

activity and muscle tone, pulse, grimace (ie coughing, crying), appearance/color, respiration
helps determine if intervention is needed

Question 18

do babies have reflexes when they’re born?

Answer 18

yes

Question 19

reflex

Answer 19

unlearned/involuntary response

Question 20

permanent reflex

Answer 20

last throughout lifetime, necessary for survival
ex: breathing, blinking, pupillary, swallowing

Question 21

neonatal reflex

Answer 21

only present for short period of time
rooting, babinski, moro, palmar grasp, sucking, stepping, swimming
**if return sign of brain/spinal cord injury

Question 22

rooting reflex

Answer 22

touch cheek -> turn with mouth open
helps orient towards food, disappears after a few weeks

Question 23

babinski reflex

Answer 23

curl feet around finger, not sure why we have it, disappears
**if return big spinal cord injury concern

Question 24

moro reflex

Answer 24

startle reflex (flail out arms and legs)
still have as adults but different

Question 25

palmer grasp reflex

Answer 25

wrap fingers around anything on their hand, surprisingly strong, disappears around 3-4 months

Question 26

sucking reflex

Answer 26

will suck on anything put in their mouth, disappears around 3-4 months

Question 27

stepping reflex

Answer 27

holding baby up (support mandible and back) -> baby will make stepping motions, disappears 3-4 months

Question 28

swimming reflex

Answer 28

will involuntarily hold their breaths, disappears about 6 months

Question 29

importance of reflexes

Answer 29

allows for doctors to check for healthy development absence of a given reflex can be an indicator of dev problems

Question 30

attachment

Answer 30

intense reciprocal relationship between two secure or insecure

Question 31

secure attachment

Answer 31

adult is meeting child's need

Question 32

insecure attachment

Answer 32

child is being neglected

Question 33

what did Harlow determine with his monkey research about attachment?

Answer 33

attachment is determined by contact comfort rather than food isolation affected social development attachment alone does not ensure normal development

Question 34

Piaget (cognitive development)

Answer 34

identified processes which children gain new knowledge assimilation and accomodation

Question 35

assimilation

Answer 35

new info incorporated into accustomed way of thinking

Question 36

accommodation

Answer 36

process of altering ways of thinking so new info that does not fit into existing ways of thinking can be included

Question 37

schema

Answer 37

ways of thinking

Question 38

what would be the assimilation/accommodation with a child learning schema about banging toys/hard objects?

Answer 38

bang toys -> noise = assimilation bang eggs -> breaks = accommodation

Question 39

sensorimotor stage

Answer 39

birth - age 2 infants learn to coordinate senses and motor mental representation and object permanence

Question 40

mental representation

Answer 40

internal cognition, allows children to store/manipulate info about objects/events/concepts (create mental picture)

Question 41

object permanence

Answer 41

understanding that objects continue to exist even when not visible

Question 42

pre operational stage

Answer 42

age 2-7 child gains ability to use symbolic representation for objects/events that are not physically present symbolic representation, egocentrism do not grasp principle of conservation

Question 43

symbolic representation

Answer 43

cognitive ability to use symbols to represent objects/actions/ideas that aren't physically present

Question 44

egocentrism

Answer 44

only see the world through their own lenses, normal for pre operational stage

Question 45

principle of conservation

Answer 45

understanding that change in size/shape doesn't change amount of substance ex: water in 2 dif cups

Question 46

failures in adolescence thinking

Answer 46

intuitive thought is based on heuristics mental shortcuts base rate neglect

Question 47

heuristics

Answer 47

simple generic "rule of thumb" that people use to form judgements and make decisions availability and representative

Question 48

mental shortcuts

Answer 48

focus on one aspect of a complex problem (ex: Lillies on lake math problem, farmer vs librarian)

Question 49

availability heuristic

Answer 49

make judgements based on how easily certain info comes to mind likelihood of an even is based on its availability in our memory

Question 50

representative heuristic

Answer 50

judging things on how well they represent typical prototypes ex: which one is the math teacher?

Question 51

base rate neglect

Answer 51

ignoring overall freq of behavior/characteristic when making a decision adolescents don't fully understand consequences (act more reckless) habits in adolescence predict our health in the future