Development And Social Development PAST PAPER Flashcards
Give one reason why tourism can be an important contribution to a country’s average income
It creates opportunities for informal economy as tourists may spend money on street vendors which increases the country’s GDP
Describe two positive effects of tourism on the infrastructure of a LIC or NIC that you have studied
Brazil.
One positive effect that tourism brings on the infrastructure in Brazil is the improvements in transport. For example, more roads are built due to tourism. This also allows locals to travel more easily.
Another positive effect is the advancement of the infrastructures. For example, more airports are built because of more and more tourism. More docks are built as it enables a greater amount of goods needed for tourism. Overall, tourism contributes to a significant part of Brazil’s GDP.
Explain why enclave tourism has consequences for development in LICs and NICs
Enclave tourism refers to a vast facilities and services densely packed together and are separated from the general population.
One benefit of this is to create opportunities for informal economy. For example, tourists would spend money on street vendors and souvenirs. This therefore contributes to a development as it generates money for the individuals even it’s in the informal sector but still contributes to the country’s GDP
However, we mustn’t ignore the negative impacts that it brings. For example, as mentioned, enclave tourism is separated from the rest population, therefore it wouldn’t benefit the locals. On the other hand, many of the services, such as the hotels are part of the large multinational companies. Therefore, it implies that money generated there may then be transferred to the countries where the multinational companies are located(e.g USA)
Another drawback would be the overuse of resources. For example, tourists may use up a huge amount of water every day through services such as the hotel. This may results in shortage of water for the locals which therefore affects the development as a whole.
Overall, in my opinion, I believe that enclave tourism is not ideal for a lIC’s development because the disadvantages overweighs the advantages as it does not benefit the entire country.
To what extent might projects such as HS2 reduce UK regional inequalities in the future?
To a great extent that the projects such as HS2 will reduces UK regional inequalities in the future.
High speed 2 is a A new rail that is able to run between some of the country’s largest cities such as London and Birmingham, Manchester and Leeds.
One opportunity created by the High Speed 2 project is that it reduces 50 minutes of the travel time from Leeds to London than on the East Coast Mainline. This suggests that more people could be able to work in London due to faster commute times. This therefore means that people from Leeds have the opportunities to access to higher salaries that are available in London which substantially brings the economic inequality closer.
Another opportunity created by HS2 is the encouragement of investments. For example, Leeds has received £500 million investment since HS2 was planned. Multinational companies such as Channel 4 has set up a new headquarter in Leeds and created 200 more jobs. This will cause a positive multiplier effect along the HS2 route therefore would creates economic growth and financial stability.
A final opportunity created by HS2 is it frees up the capacity on the existing lines. For example, as more and more people took HS2 to work. People will suffer much less from road congestion. As it would be much less crowded therefore increases the road efficiency which contributes to the development of a city inadvertently.
Overall, although the cost of HS2 project is getting increasingly expensive with currently around £56 billion to over an estimate of £107 in the future. However, we mustn’t ignore how much payback we are getting from it. I believe that from time to time, regional inequalities will be getting smaller and smaller and eventually disappear.
Describe the pattern of the top five countries of origin of asylum seekers into the European Union.
Countries with the most asylum seekers are usually located in Asia such as Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan. With Syria has the most asylum seekers:335000. However, there is one anormally which is Nigeria located in Africa. And all of them are hoping to get asylum from countries located in the South East of Europe such as Bulgaria, Romania and Ukraine.
Explain why there are large numbers of refugees and asylum seekers originating in sub-Saharan Africa/Asia
The main reason is because of war s. In countries such as Syria, wars and conflicts happens as frequent as daily. People fear for their lives as wars have caused their country to be inhabitable due to the disruption of lands and homes.
Another reason is the poor health care. Countries located in Western Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa such as Nigeria have a relatively high population but majority people live below poverty line. They struggle to even to afford basic daily needs such as food. Therefore, when a outbreak of diseases such as Malaria and Ebola started, people couldn’t afford essential treatments therefore results in millions deaths.
A pull factor for a refugee to leave their home country may be to pursue opportunities such as jobs. This is perhaps because they want achieve a better lifestyles in countries with a strong political and financial stability such as the UK and the USA.
‘Bottom up approaches to development are the better option to address health care issues in sub-Saharan Africa.’ To what extent do you agree with this statement
To a small extent I agree with this statement.
As we know, bottom up approaches refers to local people help each other to benefit the entire community. So What people could do to counter malaria is for example, spread the awareness of the issue by having an education program of how malaria is transmitted and the approaches to avoid it etc. it is certainly very impactful, people can spread their knowledge and educate the wider community with a much lower cost. However, many don’t go to schools and are illiterate in countries such as South Africa therefore only minority of people are being educated so it can be a waste of time and effort.
On the other hand, top down approaches refers to the government’s decision acts upon the citizens and is usually the main driving force of the end goal. In order to counter malaria, the government may perhaps give everyone a vaccination in the affected area. It’s helpful as the approach is straight forward and very effective. However, if the targets need something different during the process, it’s not easy to change as everything must be implemented exactly as planned. Furthermore, it can be extremely expensive.
Overall, when compare both bottom up and top down approaches, the bottom up strategy may not be the best solution to counter malaria as there are still chances for people to catch it. Whereas, with the help of vaccines, people become immune to malaria, this means it’s 100% effective. Therefore top down approaches would be a better option to address health issue in sub-Saharan Africa as people’s lives overweighs money.
