Development Flashcards
What does APGAR stand for and what is it used for?
A-Appearance P-Pulse G-Grimace A-Activity R-Respiration **Used to predict likelihood of immediate survival**
Which country has the highest rate of premature births and why?
United States; because there is no free prenatal care
What are 3 possible postpartum reactions?
Baby blues, major depression and postpartum psychosis
Name the 3 spheres of development and the pattern in which they develop.
motor, social, verbal/cognitive; cephalad to caudad and central to peripheral
Developments from infancy to 18 months
social smile at 12 weeks
stranger anxiety at 9 months
attachment
separation anxiety after object permanence
Describe the concept of psychoimmunology.
when children don’t have a caretaker to form an attachment with they are more prone to infections (weakened immune system)
Name the 4 reflexes that are normally present in infants but not adults.
rooting
palmar grasp
moro
babinski
Developments from 18 months to 3 years.
rapprochment- moves away but quickly returns
parallel play
at 3-spend a few hours away from care taker
Gender Identity by age 3
At what age to children gain control over their bowel? Bladder?
bowel- 4
bladder-5
At what age do children understand gender roles?
5-6
Developments from 3 to 6 years old
sibling rivalry regression vocabulary increases dramatically fantasy life cooperative play at 4 fear of bodily injury playing Dr.
Milestones at 6 years old.
development of conscience (superego) sense of morality lying is wrong empathy finality of death
Developments from 7-11
Lifelong sense of competence
capacity for logical thought
learning problems are identified
Acting out
Are relationships with peers from age 7-11 usually with same sex or opposite sex? With which parent do they identify?
same sex; same sex
Why are board games popular in school age children?
understand “fairness” and become more flexible with rules
At what age to children begin to understand the universality of death?
9
What changes are occurring in the brain during adolescence?
myelination, pruning of synaptic connections and restructuring frontal and parietal lobes
Developments in early adolescence (11-14)
puberty
first menstruation 11-14
first ejaculation 12-15
more obedient
Developments in middle adolescence (15-17)
body image and popularity
spend time with friends instead of family
risk taking behavior
autonomy/need for privacy
Developments in late adolescence (18-20)
indenity crisis
role confusion
develop abstraction
Approximately what percentage of sexually active teens use contraceptives?
less than 1/2
Name 3 risk factors for teenage pregnancy; approximately how many girls get pregnant before age 20
depression
poor school achievement
divorced parent
(1/3 of girls)
Is it ethical and legal to provide minors with sexual counseling and birth control without parental knowledge?
YES
Which 3 disorders can affect development?
mental retardation, downs syndrome, and fragile x syndrome
Do married men live shorter or longer than unmarried men?
longer
Approximately what % of marriages end in divorce and what factors can increase this %?
50%; when one of spouses is a physician, female, psychiatry, short courtship, pregnancy before marriage, prior divorce in family, serious illness in child
What are children of divorced parents more at risk for?
school failure depression drug abuse suicide criminal activity divorce
When children are adopted in what age group, they are more at risk for behavioral problems?
anytime after infancy
Which age group is defined as the “sandwich generation”?
Age 40-65; responsibilities to both older and younger generation
What age group is the “midlife crisis” common in and why?
age 40-65; more life behind than ahead
What are the normal developments that occur in middle adulthood?
women-menopause, vasomotor instability, fatigure, sleep problems
men-muscle strength, endurance, sexual performance
What are the losses that occur with aging?
social status
death of spouses, family and friends
decline in health
Where do most senior citizens live?
independently (assisted living)
Neurological changes with aging.
decreased cerebral blood flow, brain weight amyloid plaques Intelligence stays the same decreased NT availability more sensitive to side effects more depression
Which 4 psychological disorders are common in the elderly?
depression (with increasing suicide rates)
anxiety
alcohol/substance abuse
delirium
What are the 5 stages of dying?
denial anger bargaining depression acceptance
How is abnormal bereavement differentiated from normal?
denial in abnormal lasts longer than days-weeks
symptoms intensify or persist over time
suicidal thinking
hallucinations
