depressive and bipolar disorders

Question 1

what 5 areas of functioning does depression effect?

Answer 1

emotional
motivational
behavioral
cognitive
physical

Question 2

what are the emotional symptoms of depression?

Answer 2

• anhedonia

- crying, anger

Question 3

motivational symptoms of depression

Answer 3

lack of drive, initiative, sponteneity

paralysis of will

Question 4

behavioral symotoms of depressoin

Answer 4

less active, more isolated

move/speak more slowly

Question 5

cognitive symptoms of depression

Answer 5

• hold very negative view of the self
• blame self for every bad event (even if not their fault) and credit externals for positive events
• believe future is going to be bad
• hopeless/helpless
• memory/reasoning/attentional difficulty

Question 6

physical symptoms of depression

Answer 6

• headaches, indigestion, constipation, dizzy spells, general pain
• sleep/appetite disturbances

Question 7

what is a major depressive episode?

Answer 7

2 or more weeks w at least 5 of the depression symptoms (including sad mood and/or anhedonia)

Question 8

seasonal depression

Answer 8

changes w seasons, often winter

Question 9

catatonic depression

Answer 9

marked by either immobility or excessive activity

Question 10

peripartum depression

Answer 10

either during or w/in 4 weeks after giving birth

Question 11

melancholic depression

Answer 11

person is almost totally unaffected by pleasurable events

Question 12

when unipolar depression is chronic

Answer 12

persistent depression disorder (may have repeated eps of major depressive eps)
if less severe/disabling symptoms, then “with dysthymic syndrome”

Question 13

premenstrual dysphoric disorder

Answer 13

women w clinically signif depression symptoms the week before period

Question 14

disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

Answer 14

persistent depressive symptoms + recurrent outbursts of severe temper

Question 15

genetic factors of depression

Answer 15

some ppl inheret a predisposition to depression

significant diffs between identifical and fraternal twins

Question 16

biochemical factors of depression

Answer 16

• low activity of serotonin + norepinephrine , may involve other NTs like dopamine + acetylcholine
• endocrine system plays role- high levels of cortisol found in depressed ppl

Question 17

what is the brain circuit implicated in depressoin?

Answer 17

-prefrontal cortex (strong connections between it and hippocampus)
hippocampus
amydala (50% more activity + blood flow than in nondepressed ppl. Increases proportionally to severity of depression)
Brodmann Area 25 (smaller but more active in depressed ppl)

filled w serotonin transporters

Question 18

immune system factors of depression

Answer 18

immense stress causes immune system disregulation (less white blood cells, c reactive protein increases and causes inflammation)
it may be that it causes depression, but causal direction unclear

Question 19

cognitive view of depression

Answer 19

most well supported by research
ppl view events in negative ways, and this leads to the disorder
theory of negative thinking + theory of learned helplessness

Question 20

negative thinking theory of depression

Answer 20

maladaptive attitudes
cognitive triad
errors in thinking
automatic thoughts

Question 21

cognitive triad

Answer 21

(ppl persistnetly consider 1) their experiences 2) themselves and 3) their futures in negative ways)

Question 22

maladaptive attitudes

Answer 22

(often start early in life, ‘my general worth tied to all task performance’)

Question 23

errors in thinking

Answer 23

negative logical mistakes. Making conclusions from little evidence
minimize pos, maximise neg events

Question 24

automatic thoughts

Answer 24

steady train of thoughts telling them unpleasant things about the cognitive triad

Question 25

learned helplessness

Answer 25

ppl become depressed when they 1) think they have no control over the rewards/punishments in their lives and 2) that they’re responsible ffor this helpless state (internal cause thats global + stable)

Question 26

family-social view of depression

Answer 26

declining social support when depressed increases depression (depressed ppl repel others)

Question 27

gender diffs in depression

Answer 27

women twice as likely to be diagnosed, respond worse to treatment, relapse more
NOT true that men are less able to identitfy depression bc its not socially acceptable
hormone changes dont explain it fully
life stress from sexism
women may feel more lack of control (learned helplessness) from victimization etc
ruminate more

Question 28

multicultural view of depression

Answer 28

how depression presents varies across cultures
black ppl + hispanics in america have 50% more chance of recurring eps
very high for native americans

Question 29

mania

Answer 29

emotional (active powerful emotions in need of outlet; joy, anger, invincinability)
behavioral (very active/loud)
motivational (constantly seek out new friends)
cognitive (poor judgement/planning, grandiosity)
physical (very energetic- little sleep, constant energy)

at least 1 week

Question 30

hypomanic episode

Answer 30

same as manic, but symptoms are less severe and dont cause distress

Question 31

bipolar 1

Answer 31

full manic/depressive episodes (more often depressive, women have more rapid cycling + more depressive eps)
usually alternate, but can be mixed (feelings of depression mixed w extreme energy)

Question 32

bipolar 2

Answer 32

hypomanic eps alternate w major depressive epds

Question 33

rapid cycling

Answer 33

4 or more eps in a year

Question 34

cyclothymic disroder

Answer 34

mild depressive + mild mania eps

Question 35

neurotransmitter cause of bipolar

Answer 35

low serotonin for both mania + depression, which may act as a modulaor (whenever low, mood disorder occurs)
mania + high norepinephrine some connection

Question 36

ion activity cause of bipolar

Answer 36

ions help transmit neruons messages
maybe, fire too easily-mania
fire too hard-depression

Question 37

brain structure cause of bipolar

Answer 37

some diffs in brain strucutre compared to neurotypicals, but unclear what role this plays

Question 38

genetic factors of bipolar

Answer 38

more likely to have it if family member does

Question 39

what is the primary realm of the cause of bipolar?

Answer 39

biological factors