depressive and bipolar disorders Flashcards
what 5 areas of functioning does depression effect?
emotional motivational behavioral cognitive physical
what are the emotional symptoms of depression?
- anhedonia
- crying, anger
motivational symptoms of depression
lack of drive, initiative, sponteneity
paralysis of will
behavioral symotoms of depressoin
less active, more isolated
move/speak more slowly
cognitive symptoms of depression
- hold very negative view of the self
- blame self for every bad event (even if not their fault) and credit externals for positive events
- believe future is going to be bad
- hopeless/helpless
- memory/reasoning/attentional difficulty
physical symptoms of depression
- headaches, indigestion, constipation, dizzy spells, general pain
- sleep/appetite disturbances
what is a major depressive episode?
2 or more weeks w at least 5 of the depression symptoms (including sad mood and/or anhedonia)
seasonal depression
changes w seasons, often winter
catatonic depression
marked by either immobility or excessive activity
peripartum depression
either during or w/in 4 weeks after giving birth
melancholic depression
person is almost totally unaffected by pleasurable events
when unipolar depression is chronic
persistent depression disorder (may have repeated eps of major depressive eps)
if less severe/disabling symptoms, then “with dysthymic syndrome”
premenstrual dysphoric disorder
women w clinically signif depression symptoms the week before period
disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
persistent depressive symptoms + recurrent outbursts of severe temper
genetic factors of depression
some ppl inheret a predisposition to depression
significant diffs between identifical and fraternal twins
biochemical factors of depression
- low activity of serotonin + norepinephrine , may involve other NTs like dopamine + acetylcholine
- endocrine system plays role- high levels of cortisol found in depressed ppl
what is the brain circuit implicated in depressoin?
-prefrontal cortex (strong connections between it and hippocampus)
hippocampus
amydala (50% more activity + blood flow than in nondepressed ppl. Increases proportionally to severity of depression)
Brodmann Area 25 (smaller but more active in depressed ppl)
filled w serotonin transporters
immune system factors of depression
immense stress causes immune system disregulation (less white blood cells, c reactive protein increases and causes inflammation)
it may be that it causes depression, but causal direction unclear
cognitive view of depression
most well supported by research
ppl view events in negative ways, and this leads to the disorder
theory of negative thinking + theory of learned helplessness
negative thinking theory of depression
maladaptive attitudes
cognitive triad
errors in thinking
automatic thoughts
cognitive triad
(ppl persistnetly consider 1) their experiences 2) themselves and 3) their futures in negative ways)
maladaptive attitudes
(often start early in life, ‘my general worth tied to all task performance’)
errors in thinking
negative logical mistakes. Making conclusions from little evidence
minimize pos, maximise neg events
automatic thoughts
steady train of thoughts telling them unpleasant things about the cognitive triad
learned helplessness
ppl become depressed when they 1) think they have no control over the rewards/punishments in their lives and 2) that they’re responsible ffor this helpless state (internal cause thats global + stable)
family-social view of depression
declining social support when depressed increases depression (depressed ppl repel others)
gender diffs in depression
women twice as likely to be diagnosed, respond worse to treatment, relapse more
NOT true that men are less able to identitfy depression bc its not socially acceptable
hormone changes dont explain it fully
life stress from sexism
women may feel more lack of control (learned helplessness) from victimization etc
ruminate more
multicultural view of depression
how depression presents varies across cultures
black ppl + hispanics in america have 50% more chance of recurring eps
very high for native americans
mania
emotional (active powerful emotions in need of outlet; joy, anger, invincinability)
behavioral (very active/loud)
motivational (constantly seek out new friends)
cognitive (poor judgement/planning, grandiosity)
physical (very energetic- little sleep, constant energy)
at least 1 week
hypomanic episode
same as manic, but symptoms are less severe and dont cause distress
bipolar 1
full manic/depressive episodes (more often depressive, women have more rapid cycling + more depressive eps)
usually alternate, but can be mixed (feelings of depression mixed w extreme energy)
bipolar 2
hypomanic eps alternate w major depressive epds
rapid cycling
4 or more eps in a year
cyclothymic disroder
mild depressive + mild mania eps
neurotransmitter cause of bipolar
low serotonin for both mania + depression, which may act as a modulaor (whenever low, mood disorder occurs)
mania + high norepinephrine some connection
ion activity cause of bipolar
ions help transmit neruons messages
maybe, fire too easily-mania
fire too hard-depression
brain structure cause of bipolar
some diffs in brain strucutre compared to neurotypicals, but unclear what role this plays
genetic factors of bipolar
more likely to have it if family member does
what is the primary realm of the cause of bipolar?
biological factors
