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abnormal psychology, Comer 9e > anxiety, obsessive compulsive, and related disorders > Flashcards

anxiety, obsessive compulsive, and related disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

symptom checklist for anxiety diagnosis

A
  • at least 6 months of persistent, disproportionate, and uncontrollable fear
  • symptoms include at least three of following: edginess, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, sleep problems
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2
Q

sociocultural view of anxiety

A

most likely to develop when ppl faced w frequent threataning situations (like poverty- rate almost twice as high among low income ppl)

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3
Q

psychodynamic view of anxiety

A

Freud: -ego defense mechanisms used to protect against anxiety
-realistic anxiety when faced w real danger
-neurotic anxiety when repeatedly forced not to express id desires
-moral anxiety when punished for expressing id desires
most psychodynamic therapists disagree w freud abt some things, but agree that its bsed on inadequacies in early parent/child relationship

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4
Q

what do psychodynamic therapists use to treat anxiety?

A

free association + interpretation of transference, resistance, and dreams

  • freudian use these methods to help clients be less afraid of id impulses + able to control them.
  • Only short term psychodynamic therapy seems to be successful for anxiety
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5
Q

humanistic view of anxiety

A

anxiety happens when ppl repeatably deny + dont accept their thoughts, cognitions, and behaviors
-limited support from research

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6
Q

cognitive view of anxiety

A

anxiety caused mainly by maladaptive assumptions - irrational beliefs causing ppl to act in dysfunctional ways

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7
Q

what is the metacognitive theory of anxiety

A

ppl with GAD have both positive and negative views of their worrying (worrying is useful/necessary to avoid bad things, but also worrying is apparently bad and i cant control it)

  • then they worry about worrying; meta worries
  • leads to GAD
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8
Q

what is the intolerance of uncertainty theory

A

ppl cant handle even tiny chances of a negative event occurring, this causes GAD

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9
Q

avoidance theory

A

ppl w anxiety have higher levels of body arousal, and worrying serves to REDUCE this arousal (maybe by distrsction)
-leads to anxiety

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10
Q

what is the rational emotive theory?

A

therapists poitn out the irrational assumptions, suggest more rational ones, and give hw to practice replacing bad assumptions w good ones

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11
Q

what is mindfulness based cognitive therpay

A

part of acceptance and committment therpay

-clients become aware of their thoughts while they occur and learn to accept them rather than try to eliminate them

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12
Q

what is the biological view of anxiety

A

anxiety caused by bio issues

  • benzo receptors normally recieve gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA); inhibitory NT
  • GABA eventually slows/stops the fear response
  • when GABA less able to bind to neurons, anxiety increases
  • but, other NT may have important roles too, and causal direction unclear (anxiety may lead to GABA probs)
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13
Q

what brain circuits are invlved in anxiety reactions?

A

-prefrontal cortex
-anterior cingulate cortex
-amygdala
this circuit often dysfunctional in anxiety ppl

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14
Q

what are the bio treatments for anxiety?

A
  • drugs (benzos and barbiturates, along w some antidepressants and antipsychotics)
  • (physical) relaxation training
  • biofeedback (therapists use electrical signals from body to train ppl to control phyisological processes, like heart rate. EMG most common; muscle elecricity from tension measurment)

other than drugs, only modest improvement

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15
Q

what is agoraphobia?

A

fear of being in public places, or sitches where escape/help difficult
twice as frequent for women + poor ppl
panic disorder often accompanies

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16
Q

what is behavioral model of how phobias occur?

A

phobias acquired thru

  • classical conditioning (strong association btween temporally close events
  • modeling (from ppl)

strong support from research

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17
Q

stimulus generalization

A

response from one stimulus begins to be elicited by other similar stimuli (scared of running water, also be scared of milk poured)
-if many phobias, this can make it turn into GAD

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18
Q

preparedness

A

ppl are evolutionarily ‘prepared’ to develop some phobias more than others, like darkness or heights

19
Q

flooding

A

therapists expose the client to the phobia repeatedly w/o relaxation training or buildup, so they learn that its harmless
actual contact more effective

20
Q

modeling for treating phobias

A

the therapist confronts it while the client watches

actual contact more effectiv

21
Q

treatment for agoraphobia

A

home or group based support; gradual emergence into world.

60-80% show partial improvement, less effective than for other phobias tho

22
Q

social anxiety

A

persistent/severe/irrational anxiety about social/performance sitches where they might be judged. May be narrow (eating in front of others) or broad (general performance anxiety)
-ppl repeatadly judge themselevs to have performed worse than reality

23
Q

cognitive theory of social anxiety

A

ppl hold a group of socially related beliefs that work against them:

  • unrealistically high social self standards
  • self image of socially unskilled, and that inept social behaviors will lead to horrible consequences
  • think they cant control social anxious feelings

leads to avoidance/safety behaviors exacerbating issue

24
Q

treatment for social anxiety

A
  • antidepressant meds
  • exposure therapy
  • cognitive therapies

COMBINED w social skills training (modeling, rehearsing, role play, with accompanying feedback + reinforcement), most effective

25
Q

panic attack symptoms

A

must be at least four of following

  • heart palpitations
  • hands/feet tingling
  • shortness of breath
  • sweating
  • hot/cold flashes
  • trembling
  • chest pains
  • choking sensations
  • faintness
  • dizziness
  • feeling of unreality
26
Q

what percent of ppl experience a panic attack at some point in their lives

A

25%

27
Q

what brain areas and neurotransmitter is associated w panic?

A
  • norepinephrine (which is why antidepressants help w panic; restore proper functioning of this NT)
  • amygdala (stimulated in fearful sitches, then stimulates following areas) hippocampus, ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus, central grey matter, and locus coeruleus
28
Q

cognitive explanation of panic

A

unexpected bodily sensations are misinterpretaed as medical catastrophe

29
Q

anxiety sensitivy

A

focus on bodily sensations much of time, view them irrationally, interpret as harmful

30
Q

cognitive treatment of panic

A

1) educate about panic attakcs, actual nature of bodily sensations, misinterpretations
2) learn to apply interpreting during panic, and how to relax+ distract
unclear if drug + therapy is more effective than just therapy

31
Q

Obsessive compulsive disorder

A

obsessions: persistent thoughts, ideas, impulses, or images that invade mind
compulsions: repetitive/rigid behaviors/mental acts that ppl feel they must do to prevent/reduce anxiety

usually both, sometimes one

32
Q

forms obsessions take

A
  • wishes (spouse dying),
  • impulses (urge to yell obscenties at work),
  • images (dead ppl),
  • ideas (germs are everywhere), or
  • doubts (concerns that one has made wrong decision)

generally very aware that the thoughts are excessive

33
Q

forms of compulsions

A
  • cleaning
  • checking
  • seeking order/balance
  • touching
  • verbal
  • counting
34
Q

psychodynamic view of OCD

A

-conscious conflict between id impulses and ego control
id impulses take form of obsessive thoughts, ego defenses as counterthoughts/compulsive acts
little research support for PD view/treatment

35
Q

psychodynamic three ego defense mechanisms most common for OCD

A
  • isolation (disown unwanted thoughts, view them as foreign)
  • undoing (perform acts to ‘cancel out’ the impulses)
  • reaction formation (take on lifestyle that directly opposes impulses)
36
Q

behavioral view of OCD

A

focus on addressing/treating compulsions, not obsessions

accidental associations form link between reduction of fear and the compulsion

37
Q

behavioral treatment of OCD

A

exposure and response prevention (exposed to the anxiety thing, can’t do the compulsion)
pretty effective

38
Q

cognitive view of OCD

A
  • everyone has these unwanted thoughts, but in OCD ppl blame themselves for the thoughts and try to neautralize them by doing things meant to make matters right
  • when the neutralizing thing makes temporary help, likely to be repeated
39
Q

cognitive treatment

A

1) educate about how misinterpretaion, excessive sense of responsibility, + neutralziing acts can maintian the OCD
2) guide to identify/challenge/change the obsession

40
Q

biological research of 2 sources of OCD

A

1) low serotonin activity

2) abnormal functioning in key brain regions

41
Q

biological treatment of OCD

A

drugs can increase serotonin levels and produce more normal activity in orbitofrontal cortex + caudate nuclei
(which normally act as filters for impulses w only strongest getting thru to thalamus [driven to think more and act on them] but in OCD overactivity makes it happen too much)

42
Q

obsessive-compulsive-related disorders

A
  • hoarding
  • trichotillomania (hair pulling)
  • dermatillomania (skin picking)
  • body dysmorphic

obsessions w an accompanying action (body dysmorphic; obsession w nose- checking in mirror)

43
Q

diathesis stress view of disorders

A

certain individuals have a bio vulnerability to a certain disorder which is then brought out by socio / psych factors

abnormal psychology, Comer 9e (11 decks)

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