depression,phobias&ocd

Question 1

what are the two parts of ocd

Answer 1

obsessions and compulsions Most people with ocd experience obsessions and compulsions that are linked to each other. eg excessive worrying about catching germs which may lead to excessive hand washing a compulsion

Question 2

what are the cognitive, behavioural and emotional aspects of ocd

Answer 2

obsessions are the cognitive aspect of ocd and compulsions are the behavioural aspect. there is also an emotional aspects as ocd causes people anxiety and there compulsions are an attempt to relieve this

Question 3

yedgeh

Answer 3

2% of the worlds population is affected by ocd lol.

Question 4

what critea does the dsm outline for ocd

Answer 4

patients and reoccurring thoughts images or impulses that are unwanted and cause distress to the person experiencing them. For example imagining that youve left the door unlocked and burglars are rampaging through your house
the person actively tries to ignore the thoughts, impulses or images but is unable to
the obsession might have been caused by other physiological substances like drugs

Question 5

compulsions are re……. describe compulsions

Answer 5

compulsions are physical or mental repetitive actions. they are the external aspects of OCD
For example, checking the door is locked nine times or repeating a certain phrase or prayer to neutralise an unwanted thought
the problem is the action only reduces the anxiety caused by an obsession for a short time meaning the obsession starts again

Question 6

dsm pt2

Answer 6

the dsm states that if obsessions or compulsions last for atleast one hour each day this is an indication of a clinical case of ocd another indication of ocd is if the obsession and compulsions interfere with a persons ability to maintain a relationship hold down a job or take part in social activities

Question 7

what are the 4 common types of ocd behaviour

Answer 7

checking
contamination- eg fear of catching germs
hoarding- keeping useless or worn out objects
symetry and orderliness-getting objects line up just right etc

Question 8

what is the dsm

Answer 8

the dsm is used to classify disorders using defined diagnostic criteria thus includes a list of symptoms which can be used as a tool for diagnosis
the dsm makes diagnosis concrete and descriptive
classifications allow data to be collected about a disorder this can help in the development of new treatments and medication
this type of classification has been criticised for stigmatising people and ignoring their uniqueness by putting them in artificial groups

Question 9

what type of disorder is depression

Answer 9

depression is a mood disorder are characteristics by strong emotions which can influence a persons ability to function normally a mood disorder can affect a persons perceptions thinking and behaviour

Question 10

what are the two types of depression

Answer 10

major depression
manic depression

Question 11

describe manic depression-what type of disorder

Answer 11

bipolar disorder -alternation between two moods extremes(mania and depression)
the change in mood often occcurs in regular cycles of days or weeks.
episodes of mania involve overactivity, repaid speech and feeling extremely happy or agitated.
episodes of depression involve the symptoms covered below

Question 12

describe major depression

Answer 12

unipolar disorder ‘
an episode of depression that can occur suddenly.
major depression can be reactive caused by external factors eg death of a loved one.
or it can be endogenous-caused by internal factors eg neurological factors

Question 13

what are the three ranges of symptoms

Answer 13

physical/behavioural symptoms
cognitive symptoms
affective/emotional symptoms

Question 14

what are the characteristics of behavioural/physical symptoms

Answer 14

sleep disturbance-insomnia(being unable to sleep) or hypersomnia (sleeping alot more than usual)
change in appetite-people may eat more or less than usual and gain or lose weight
pain-especially headaches joint ache and muscle ache
lack of activity-social withdrawal and loss of sex drive

Question 15

what are the characteristics of cognitive symptoms

Answer 15

experiencing persistent negative beliefs about themselves and their abilities
suicidal thoughts
slower thought processes difficulty concentrating and making decisions

Question 16

what are the characteristics of affcetive/emotional symptoms

Answer 16

extreme feelings of sadness,hoplessness and despair
diurnal mood variation-changes in mood throughout the day, eg feeling worse in the morning
anhedonia-no longer enjoying activities or hobbies that used to be pleasureable

Question 17

What is the cognitive approach to depression

Answer 17

The cognitive approach approached on the thought process in efforts to treat the problem

Question 18

What model is shown to prove the cognitive approach in depression

Answer 18

The ABC model by Ellis starring that: an activating event (A) leads to a belief (B) which then leads to a consequence (c)

Question 19

What does the abc model suggest about treating depression

Answer 19

Depression can be treated either by avoiding the activating event (A) or by preventing the belief (B) from being irrational

Question 20

How does Beck’s research aid this

Answer 20

Beck in 1963 put forward the negative triad which suggests that negative thoughts about ourselves, the future and the world around us all lead to depression

Question 21

Extra info

Answer 21

This cognitive approach can provide useful ways to teach depression such as cbt and there has been extra experimental evidence that negative thinking and depressive thiughts can be avoided, leading to depressive symptoms being reduced or avoided

Question 22

What may be another result of faulty cognition (faulty thinking)

Answer 22

Genetics or chemical imbalances in the brain

Question 23

what is an ethical issue with the cognitive approach

Answer 23

To some extent it places blame for the issue on the patient which can simply worsen there depression

Question 24

What is cbt

Answer 24

Cbt is a cognitive behaviour therapy that is a type of therapy which aims to identify and then change faulty thinking and cognitions

Question 25

What is the process of cbt

Answer 25

Identification:The therapist and the patient work to identify faulty cognitions
Realisation:the therapists tries to help the patient realise these cognitions are false
Goals: the patient and therapist set goals to work towards giving a sense of progress
Present:The therapists tries to keep the patient in the present moment:this prevents them worrying about the future or dwelling on the past
Recording:the patient keeps a detailed diary which allows them to see progress and control their thoughts patters

Question 26

What are the advantages of cbt

Answer 26

It empowers patients
Seems to generally effective
And can be relatively cheap

Question 27

What is the negatives of cbt

Answer 27

Is mainly dependant on the skill of the therapists
Can be expensive in the short term
Also very time insentive and does not always get results

Question 28

What is the behavioural approach to phobias

Answer 28

The behaviour approach to argues that irrational fears can be learned through conditioning and therefore can be unlearned

Question 29

Explain how classical conditioning leads to a fear response

Answer 29

A certain harmless stimulus such as a spider, loud noise or crowd behinds as an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
This causes a natural response called an unconditional stimulus (US)
When the unconditioned stimulus is presented with another stimulus which is actually dangerous the two become linked
Overtime the unconditioned stimulus alone can produce a fear response this is known as a conditioned stimulus

Question 30

How does operant conditioning work

Answer 30

Operant conditioning works in the opposite direction (by reinforcing the consequence of actions) : it is therefore responsible for the maintainence of phobias

Question 31

What are the two main ways to treat phobias using the behavioural approach

Answer 31

systematic desensitation and flooding

Question 32

What is systematic desensitisation and how does it work

Answer 32

Systematic Desensitisation uses relaxation techniques to gradually reduce fear
- The patient begins by implementing relaxation techniques, and then the fear stimulus is gradually
introduced
- As the patient suffers no negative consequences from the stimulus, they gradually learn to
maintain a relaxed composure
- Over time, and repeated exposure, the patient remains calm when presented with the stimlus and
the phobia has been cured

Question 33

What is flodding and how does it work

Answer 33

Flooding is similar, but rather more sudden and brutal
- The patient is overwhelmed quickly with large amounts of the stimulus, such as many snakes or
spiders, or by being placed atop a skyscraper
- They maintain this position, or proximity to the fear stimulus, until nothing negative has occured
and the anxiety has abated

Question 34

What are the positives and negatives

Answer 34

Flooding has ethical issues: it can actually make phobias worse and is rarely used today
- Systematic desensitisation has had some success, however, but it does require large amounts of
time and a high level of attendan-from the patient

Question 35

What is the biological approach

Answer 35

The biological approach to ocd assumes that psychological disorders are caused by physical problems within the body:

Question 36

What are the three factors that may cause ocd due to the biological approach

Answer 36

Generic factors
Biochemical factors
Neurological factors

Question 37

Explain what generic factors are (biological approach to biological ocd)

Answer 37

1. Generic Factors: This idea suggests that genetic defects or abnormalities may lead to
   malfunctions within the brain which causes OCD

Question 38

Explain what bio chemical factors are (biological approach to biological ocd)

Answer 38

Biochemical Factors: This idea suggests that abnormalities within the body chemistry may
cause obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviours
- Specifically, it is thought that a chemical called serotonin, which acts as a neurotransmitter,
may be responsible, but this has never been conclusively proven

Question 39

Explain what neurological factors are (biological approach to biological ocd)

Answer 39

3. Neurological Factors: This idea suggests that physical deformities in the brain may cause
   OCD
   - There has also been some experimental evidence for this, but damage to the brain has not
   been found on 100% of patients suffering OCD, so there must be other explanations